Index (The GNU Awk User’s Guide)

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!

`!` (exclamation point)
`!` operator	Boolean Ops
`!` operator	Precedence
`!` operator	Ranges
`!` operator	Egrep Program
`!=` operator	Comparison Operators
`!=` operator	Precedence
`!~` operator	Regexp Usage
`!~` operator	Computed Regexps
`!~` operator	Case-sensitivity
`!~` operator	Regexp Constants
`!~` operator	Comparison Operators
`!~` operator	Comparison Operators
`!~` operator	Precedence
`!~` operator	Expression Patterns

"
`"` (double quote)
in regexp constants	Computed Regexps
in shell commands	Quoting

#
`#` (number sign)
`#!` (executable scripts)	Executable Scripts
commenting	Comments

$
`$` (dollar sign)
`$` field operator	Fields
`$` field operator	Precedence
incrementing fields and arrays	Increment Ops
regexp operator	Regexp Operator Details

%
`%` (percent sign)
`%` operator	Precedence
`%=` operator	Assignment Ops
`%=` operator	Precedence

&
`&` (ampersand)
`&&` operator	Boolean Ops
`&&` operator	Precedence
`gsub()`/`gensub()`/`sub()` functions and	Gory Details

'
`'` (single quote)	One-shot
in `gawk` command lines	Long
in shell commands	Quoting
vs. apostrophe	Comments
with double quotes	Quoting

(
`()` (parentheses)
in a profile	Profiling
regexp operator	Regexp Operator Details

*
`*` (asterisk)
`*` operator
as multiplication operator	Precedence
as regexp operator	Regexp Operator Details
null strings, matching	String Functions
`**` operator	Arithmetic Ops
`**` operator	Precedence
`**=` operator	Assignment Ops
`**=` operator	Precedence
`*=` operator	Assignment Ops
`*=` operator	Precedence
`*?` (asterisk)
`*?` operator
as regexp operator	Regexp Operator Details

+
`+` (plus sign)
`+` operator	Precedence
`+` operator	Precedence
`++` operator	Increment Ops
`++` operator	Increment Ops
`++` operator	Precedence
`+=` operator	Assignment Ops
`+=` operator	Precedence
regexp operator	Regexp Operator Details
`+?` (plus sign)
regexp operator	Regexp Operator Details

,
`,` (comma), in range patterns	Ranges

-
`-` (hyphen)
`-` operator	Precedence
`-` operator	Precedence
`--` end of options marker	Options
`--` operator	Increment Ops
`--` operator	Precedence
`-=` operator	Assignment Ops
`-=` operator	Precedence
file names beginning with	Options
in bracket expressions	Bracket Expressions
`--assign` option	Options
`--bignum` option	Options
`--characters-as-bytes` option	Options
`--copyright` option	Options
`--csv` option	Options
`--debug` option	Options
`--disable-extensions` configuration option	Additional Configuration Options
`--disable-lint` configuration option	Additional Configuration Options
`--disable-mpfr` configuration option	Additional Configuration Options
`--disable-nls` configuration option	Additional Configuration Options
`--dump-variables` option	Options
using for library functions	Library Names
`--enable-builtin-intdiv0` configuration option	Additional Configuration Options
`--enable-O3` configuration option	Additional Configuration Options
`--enable-versioned-extension-dir` configuration option	Additional Configuration Options
`--exec` option	Options
`--field-separator` option	Options
`--file` option	Options
`--gen-pot` option	Options
`--gen-pot` option	String Extraction
`--gen-pot` option	String Extraction
`--help` option	Options
`--include` option	Options
`--lint` option	Command Line
`--lint` option	Options
`--lint-old` option	Options
`--load` option	Options
`--no-optimize` option	Options
`--non-decimal-data` option	Options
`--non-decimal-data` option	Nondecimal Data
`strtonum()` function and	Nondecimal Data
`--optimize` option	Options
`--posix` option	Options
`--traditional` option and	Options
`--pretty-print` option	Options
`--profile` option	Options
`--profile` option	Profiling
`--re-interval` option	Options
`--sandbox` option	Options
disabling `system()` function	I/O Functions
input redirection with `getline`	Getline
output redirection with `print`
`printf`	Redirection
`--source` option	Options
`--trace` option	Options
`--traditional` option	Options
`--posix` option and	Options
`--use-lc-numeric` option	Options
`--version` option	Options
`-b` option	Options
`-c` option	Options
`-C` option	Options
`-d` option	Options
`-D` option	Options
`-e` option	Options
`-E` option	Options
`-e` option	Options
`-f` option	Long
`-F` option	Options
`-f` option	Options
`-Ft` sets `FS` to TAB	Options
command-line	Command Line Field Separator
multiple uses	Options
`-g` option	Options
`-h` option	Options
`-i` option	Options
`-I` option	Options
`-k` option	Options
`-l` option	Options
`-l` option	Options
`-L` option	Options
`-M` option	Options
`-n` option	Options
`-N` option	Options
`-o` option	Options
`-O` option	Options
`-p` option	Options
`-P` option	Options
`-r` option	Options
`-s` option	Options
`-S` option	Options
`-v` option	Options
`-V` option	Options
`-v` option	Assignment Options
`-W` option	Options

.
`.` (period), regexp operator	Regexp Operator Details
`.gmo` files	Explaining gettext
specifying directory of	Explaining gettext
specifying directory of	Programmer i18n
`.mo` files, converting from `.po`	I18N Example
`.po` files	Explaining gettext
`.po` files	Translator i18n
converting to `.mo`	I18N Example
`.pot` files	Explaining gettext

/
`/` (forward slash)
`/` operator	Precedence
`/=` operator	Assignment Ops
`/=` operator	Precedence
vs. `/=…/` regexp constant	Assignment Ops
patterns and	Expression Patterns
to enclose regular expressions	Regexp
`/=` operator vs. `/=…/` regexp constant	Assignment Ops
`/dev/fd/N` special files (`gawk`)	Special FD
`/dev/…` special files	Special FD
`/inet/…` special files (`gawk`)	TCP/IP Networking
`/inet4/…` special files (`gawk`)	TCP/IP Networking
`/inet6/…` special files (`gawk`)	TCP/IP Networking

:
`:` (colon)
`::` namespace separator	Qualified Names
`?:` operator	Precedence

;
`;` (semicolon)
`AWKPATH` variable and	PC Using
separating rules	Statements/Lines
separating statements in actions	Statements/Lines
separating statements in actions	Action Overview
separating statements in actions	Statements

<
`<` (left angle bracket)
`<` operator	Comparison Operators
`<` operator	Precedence
`<` operator (I/O)	Getline/File
`<=` operator	Comparison Operators
`<=` operator	Precedence

=
`=` (equals sign)
`=` operator	Assignment Ops
`==` operator	Comparison Operators
`==` operator	Precedence

>
`>` (right angle bracket)
`>` operator	Comparison Operators
`>` operator	Precedence
`>` operator (I/O)	Redirection
`>=` operator	Comparison Operators
`>=` operator	Precedence
`>>` operator (I/O)	Redirection
`>>` operator (I/O)	Precedence

?
`?` (question mark)
`?:` operator	Precedence
regexp operator	Regexp Operator Details
regexp operator	GNU Regexp Operators
`??` (plus sign)
regexp operator	Regexp Operator Details

@
`@` (at-sign)
`@`-notation for indirect function calls	Indirect Calls
`@include` directive	Options
`@include` directive	Include Files
`@include` directive	Glossary
`@load` directive	Options
`@load` directive	AWKLIBPATH Variable
`@load` directive	Loading Shared Libraries
`@load` directive	Auto-set
`@load` directive	Using extensions
`@load` directive	Using Internal File Ops
`@namespace` directive	Options
`@namespace` directive	Options
`@namespace` directive	Options
`@namespace` directive	Changing The Namespace
`@namespace` directive	Namespace And Features
`BEGIN`, `BEGINFILE`, `END`, `ENDFILE` and	Changing The Namespace
`@nsinclude` directive	Include Files
`@nsinclude` directive	Inclusion For Namespaces
`@nsinclude` directive	Feature History
strongly typed regexp constant	Strong Regexp Constants

A
`aaa` (amazing `awk` assembler) program	Glossary
accessing fields	Fields
accessing global variables from extensions	Symbol Table Access
account information	Passwd Functions
account information	Group Functions
actions	Action Overview
control statements in	Statements
default	Very Simple
empty	Very Simple
Ada programming language	Glossary
adding
features to `gawk`	Adding Code
fields	Changing Fields
advanced features
fixed-width data	Constant Size
`gawk`	Advanced Features
network programming	TCP/IP Networking
nondecimal input data	Nondecimal Data
processes, communicating with	Two-way I/O
specifying field content	Splitting By Content
Aho, Alfred	History
Aho, Alfred	Contributors
Aho, Alfred	Other Versions
alarm clock example program	Alarm Program
`alarm.awk` program	Alarm Program
algorithms	Basic High Level
all source files, show in debugger	Debugger Info
allocating memory for extensions	Memory Allocation Functions
amazing `awk` assembler (`aaa`)	Glossary
amazingly workable formatter (`awf`)	Glossary
ambiguity, syntactic: `/=` operator vs. `/=…/` regexp constant	Assignment Ops
ampersand (`&`)
`&&` operator	Boolean Ops
`&&` operator	Precedence
`gsub()`/`gensub()`/`sub()` functions and	Gory Details
`anagram.awk` program	Anagram Program
anagrams, finding	Anagram Program
AND bitwise operation	Bitwise Functions
and Boolean-logic operator	Boolean Ops
`and()` function (`gawk`)	Bitwise Functions
ANSI	Glossary
API
informational variables	Extension API Informational Variables
version	Extension Versioning
API, ownership of MPFR and GMP values	API Ownership of MPFR and GMP Values
arbitrary precision	Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic
arbitrary precision	Computer Arithmetic
integers	Arbitrary Precision Integers
archaeologists	Bugs
arctangent	Numeric Functions
`ARGC`/`ARGV` variables	Auto-set
command-line arguments	Other Arguments
how to use	ARGC and ARGV
portability and	Executable Scripts
`ARGIND` variable	Auto-set
command-line arguments	Other Arguments
arguments
command-line	Other Arguments
command-line	Auto-set
command-line	ARGC and ARGV
invoking `awk`	Command Line
in function calls	Function Calls
processing	Getopt Function
`ARGV` array	Options
`ARGV` array, indexing into	Other Arguments
arithmetic operators	Arithmetic Ops
array manipulation in extensions	Array Manipulation
array members	Reference to Elements
array scanning order, controlling	Controlling Scanning
array subscripts
null string as	Uninitialized Subscripts
numbers as	Numeric Array Subscripts
arrays	Arrays
arrays of arrays	Arrays of Arrays
as parameters to functions	Pass By Value/Reference
associative	Array Intro
library functions and	Library Names
deleting entire contents	Delete
elements
assigning values	Assigning Elements
deleting	Delete
order of access by `in` operator	Scanning an Array
retrieving number of	String Functions
that don’t exist	Reference to Elements
example of using	Array Example
`for` statement and	Scanning an Array
`IGNORECASE` variable and	Array Intro
indexing	Array Intro
merging into strings	Join Function
multidimensional	Multidimensional
scanning	Multiscanning
number of elements	String Functions
numeric subscripts	Numeric Array Subscripts
referencing elements	Reference to Elements
scanning	Scanning an Array
sorting
`asort()` function (`gawk`)	Array Sorting Functions
`asorti()` function (`gawk`)	Array Sorting Functions
`IGNORECASE` variable and	Array Sorting Functions
sparse	Array Intro
subscripts, uninitialized variables as	Uninitialized Subscripts
unassigned elements	Reference to Elements
artificial intelligence, `gawk` and	Distribution contents
ASCII	Escape Sequences
ASCII	Bracket Expressions
ASCII	Scalar Constants
ASCII	Ordinal Functions
ASCII	Alarm Program
ASCII	Two-way I/O
ASCII	Ranges and Locales
ASCII	Ranges and Locales
ASCII	History summary
ASCII	Glossary
ASCII	Glossary
`asort()` function (`gawk`)	String Functions
`asort()` function (`gawk`)	Array Sorting Functions
arrays, sorting	Array Sorting Functions
side effects	Array Sorting Functions
`asorti()` function (`gawk`)	String Functions
`asorti()` function (`gawk`)	Array Sorting Functions
arrays, sorting	Array Sorting Functions
side effects	Array Sorting Functions
`assert()` function (C library)	Assert Function
`assert()` user-defined function	Assert Function
assertions	Assert Function
assign values to variables, in debugger	Viewing And Changing Data
assignment operators	Assignment Ops
evaluation order	Assignment Ops
lvalues/rvalues	Assignment Ops
assignments as file names	Ignoring Assigns
associative arrays	Array Intro
asterisk (`*`)
`*` operator
as multiplication operator	Precedence
as regexp operator	Regexp Operator Details
null strings, matching	String Functions
`**` operator	Arithmetic Ops
`**` operator	Precedence
`**=` operator	Assignment Ops
`**=` operator	Precedence
`*=` operator	Assignment Ops
`*=` operator	Precedence
asterisk (`*?`)
`*?` operator
as regexp operator	Regexp Operator Details
at-sign (`@`)
`@`-notation for indirect function calls	Indirect Calls
`@include` directive	Options
`@include` directive	Include Files
`@include` directive	Glossary
`@load` directive	Options
`@load` directive	AWKLIBPATH Variable
`@load` directive	Loading Shared Libraries
`@load` directive	Auto-set
`@load` directive	Using extensions
`@load` directive	Using Internal File Ops
`@namespace` directive	Options
`@namespace` directive	Options
`@namespace` directive	Options
`@namespace` directive	Changing The Namespace
`@namespace` directive	Namespace And Features
`BEGIN`, `BEGINFILE`, `END`, `ENDFILE` and	Changing The Namespace
`@nsinclude` directive	Include Files
`@nsinclude` directive	Inclusion For Namespaces
`@nsinclude` directive	Feature History
strongly typed regexp constant	Strong Regexp Constants
`atan2()` function	Numeric Functions
automatic displays, in debugger	Debugger Info
`awf` (amazingly workable formatter) program	Glossary
`awk`	Preface
`awk`	See also `gawk`
function of	Getting Started
`gawk` and	Preface
`gawk` and	This Manual
history of	History
implementation issues
pipes	Redirection
implementations	Other Versions
limits	Getline Notes
invoking	Command Line
language, POSIX version	Assignment Ops
language, POSIX version	Next Statement
language, POSIX version	Definition Syntax
namespace	Default Namespace
identifier name storage	Internal Name Management
use for indirect function calls	Internal Name Management
new vs. old	Names
`OFMT` variable	Strings And Numbers
POSIX and	See also POSIX `awk`
POSIX and	Preface
profiling, enabling	Options
regexp constants and	Comparison Operators
terms describing	This Manual
uses for	Preface
uses for	Getting Started
uses for	When
versions of	V7/SVR3.1
versions of	See also Brian Kernighan’s `awk`
versions of	See also Brian Kernighan’s `awk`
changes between SVR3.1 and SVR4	SVR4
changes between SVR4 and POSIX `awk`	POSIX
changes between V7 and SVR3.1	V7/SVR3.1
`awk` programs	Getting Started
`awk` programs	Executable Scripts
`awk` programs	Two Rules
complex	When
debugging, enabling	Options
documenting	Comments
documenting	Library Names
examples of	Sample Programs
execution of	Next Statement
internationalizing	I18N Functions
internationalizing	Programmer i18n
lengthy	Long
assertions	Assert Function
location of	Options
location of	Options
location of	Options
one-line examples	Very Simple
profiling	Profiling
running	Running gawk
running	Long
from shell scripts	One-shot
without input files	Read Terminal
shell variables in	Using Shell Variables
`awk` to Go translator	Other Versions
`awk-rs`	Other Versions
`awk-rs` (older version)	Other Versions
`awka` compiler for `awk`	Other Versions
`AWKBUFSIZE` environment variable	Other Environment Variables
`awkcc`, `awk` to C translator	Other Versions
`AWKgo`	Other Versions
`AWKLIBPATH` environment variable	Options
`AWKLIBPATH` environment variable	AWKLIBPATH Variable
`AWKLIBPATH` environment variable	Loading Shared Libraries
`AWKLIBPATH` environment variable	Invoking Summary
`AWKLIBPATH` environment variable	Creating Arrays
`AWKLIBPATH` environment variable	Using Internal File Ops
`AWKLIBPATH` environment variable	POSIX/GNU
`AWKLIBPATH` environment variable	Distribution contents
`AWKLIBPATH` environment variable	Shell Startup Files
`AWKLIBPATH` environment variable, on MS-Windows	PC Using
`AWKPATH` environment variable	AWKPATH Variable
`AWKPATH` environment variable	Include Files
`AWKPATH` environment variable	Invoking Summary
`AWKPATH` environment variable	Igawk Program
`AWKPATH` environment variable	Igawk Program
`AWKPATH` environment variable	Debugger Invocation
`AWKPATH` environment variable	POSIX/GNU
`AWKPATH` environment variable	Feature History
`AWKPATH` environment variable	Distribution contents
`AWKPATH` environment variable	Shell Startup Files
`AWKPATH` environment variable	OpenVMS Running
`AWKPATH` environment variable, on MS-Windows	PC Using
`awkprof.out` file	Profiling
`AWKREADFUNC` environment variable	Other Environment Variables
`awksed.awk` program	Simple Sed
`awkvars.out` file	Options
`AWK_HASH` environment variable	Other Environment Variables

B
`b` debugger command (alias for `break`)	Breakpoint Control
backslash (`\`)	Comments
`\"` escape sequence	Escape Sequences
`\'` operator (`gawk`)	GNU Regexp Operators
`\/` escape sequence	Escape Sequences
`\<` operator (`gawk`)	GNU Regexp Operators
`\>` operator (`gawk`)	GNU Regexp Operators
`\a` escape sequence	Escape Sequences
`\b` escape sequence	Escape Sequences
`\B` operator (`gawk`)	GNU Regexp Operators
`\f` escape sequence	Escape Sequences
`\n` escape sequence	Escape Sequences
`\nnn` escape sequence	Escape Sequences
`\r` escape sequence	Escape Sequences
`\s` operator (`gawk`)	GNU Regexp Operators
`\S` operator (`gawk`)	GNU Regexp Operators
`\t` escape sequence	Escape Sequences
`\u` escape sequence	Escape Sequences
`\v` escape sequence	Escape Sequences
`\w` operator (`gawk`)	GNU Regexp Operators
`\W` operator (`gawk`)	GNU Regexp Operators
`\x` escape sequence	Escape Sequences
`\y` operator (`gawk`)	GNU Regexp Operators
\` operator (`gawk`)	GNU Regexp Operators
as field separator	Command Line Field Separator
continuing lines and	Statements/Lines
comments and	Statements/Lines
in `csh`	Statements/Lines
`gsub()`/`gensub()`/`sub()` functions and	Gory Details
in bracket expressions	Bracket Expressions
in escape sequences	Escape Sequences
in escape sequences	Escape Sequences
POSIX and	Escape Sequences
in regexp constants	Computed Regexps
in shell commands	Quoting
regexp operator	Regexp Operator Details
`backtrace` debugger command	Execution Stack
Beebe, Nelson H.F.	Acknowledgments
Beebe, Nelson H.F.	Numeric Functions
Beebe, Nelson H.F.	Other Versions
`BEGIN` pattern	Field Separators
`BEGIN` pattern	BEGIN/END
`BEGIN` pattern	Using BEGIN/END
`@namespace` directive and	Changing The Namespace
`assert()` user-defined function and	Assert Function
Boolean patterns and	Expression Patterns
`exit` statement and	Exit Statement
`getline` and	Getline Notes
headings, adding	Print Examples
`next`/`nextfile` statements and	I/O And BEGIN/END
`next`/`nextfile` statements and	Next Statement
`OFS`/`ORS` variables, assigning values to	Output Separators
operators and	Using BEGIN/END
`print` statement and	I/O And BEGIN/END
profiling and	Profiling
`pwcat` program	Passwd Functions
running `awk` programs and	Cut Program
`TEXTDOMAIN` variable and	Programmer i18n
`BEGINFILE` pattern	BEGINFILE/ENDFILE
`@namespace` directive and	Changing The Namespace
Boolean patterns and	Expression Patterns
`beginfile()` user-defined function	Filetrans Function
Bentley, Jon	Glossary
Benzinger, Michael	Contributors
Berry, Karl	Acknowledgments
Berry, Karl	Acknowledgments
Berry, Karl	Ranges and Locales
binary input/output	User-modified
`bindtextdomain()` function (C library)	Explaining gettext
`bindtextdomain()` function (`gawk`)	I18N Functions
`bindtextdomain()` function (`gawk`)	Programmer i18n
portability and	I18N Portability
`BINMODE` variable	User-modified
`BINMODE` variable	PC Using
bit-manipulation functions	Bitwise Functions
`bits2str()` user-defined function	Bitwise Functions
bitwise
AND	Bitwise Functions
complement	Bitwise Functions
complement	Bitwise Functions
operations	Bitwise Functions
OR	Bitwise Functions
shift	Bitwise Functions
XOR	Bitwise Functions
body
in actions	Statements
in loops	While Statement
Boolean expressions	Boolean Ops
as patterns	Expression Patterns
boolean function	Boolean Functions
Boolean operators, See Boolean expressions
Bornstein, Dan	Other Versions
Bourne shell, quoting rules for	Quoting
braces (`{}`)	Profiling
actions and	Action Overview
regexp operator	Regexp Operator Details
statements, grouping	Statements
braces (`{}?`)
regexp operator	Regexp Operator Details
bracket expressions	Regexp Operator Details
bracket expressions	Bracket Expressions
character classes	Bracket Expressions
character lists	Bracket Expressions
collating elements	Bracket Expressions
collating symbols	Bracket Expressions
complemented	Regexp Operator Details
equivalence classes	Bracket Expressions
non-ASCII	Bracket Expressions
range expressions	Bracket Expressions
`break` debugger command	Breakpoint Control
`break` keyword	Switch Statement
`break` statement	Break Statement
breakpoint	Debugging Terms
at location, how to delete	Breakpoint Control
commands to execute at	Debugger Execution Control
condition	Breakpoint Control
delete by number	Breakpoint Control
how to disable or enable	Breakpoint Control
setting	Breakpoint Control
show all in debugger	Debugger Info
Brennan, Michael	Foreword3
Brennan, Michael	Foreword4
Brennan, Michael	Acknowledgments
Brennan, Michael	Delete
Brennan, Michael	Simple Sed
Brennan, Michael	Other Versions
Brennan, Michael	Other Versions
Brian Kernighan’s `awk`	When
Brian Kernighan’s `awk`	Escape Sequences
Brian Kernighan’s `awk`	GNU Regexp Operators
Brian Kernighan’s `awk`	gawk split records
Brian Kernighan’s `awk`	Regexp Field Splitting
Brian Kernighan’s `awk`	Getline/Pipe
Brian Kernighan’s `awk`	Concatenation
Brian Kernighan’s `awk`	I/O And BEGIN/END
Brian Kernighan’s `awk`	Break Statement
Brian Kernighan’s `awk`	Continue Statement
Brian Kernighan’s `awk`	Nextfile Statement
Brian Kernighan’s `awk`	Delete
Brian Kernighan’s `awk`	String Functions
Brian Kernighan’s `awk`	Gory Details
Brian Kernighan’s `awk`	I/O Functions
extensions	BTL
source code	Other Versions
Brini, Davide	Signature Program
Brink, Jeroen	DOS Quoting
Broder, Alan J.	Contributors
Brown, Martin	Contributors
BSD-based operating systems	Glossary
`bt` debugger command (alias for `backtrace`)	Execution Stack
Buening, Andreas	Acknowledgments
Buening, Andreas	Contributors
Buening, Andreas	Maintainers
buffering
input/output	I/O Functions
input/output	Two-way I/O
interactive vs. noninteractive	I/O Functions
buffers
flushing	I/O Functions
flushing	I/O Functions
operators for	GNU Regexp Operators
bug reports, email address, bug-gawk@gnu.org	Bug address
bug-gawk@gnu.org bug reporting address	Bug address
built-in functions	Functions
evaluation order	Calling Built-in
BusyBox Awk	Other Versions
BWK `awk`, See Brian Kernighan’s `awk`
interval expressions in	Interval Expressions
bytes
counting	Wc Program

C
C library functions
`assert()`	Assert Function
`bindtextdomain()`	Explaining gettext
`endgrent()`	Group Functions
`endpwent()`	Passwd Functions
`getaddrinfo()`	TCP/IP Networking
`getgrent()`	Group Functions
`getgrent()`	Group Functions
`getgrgid()`	Group Functions
`getgrnam()`	Group Functions
`getgruser()`	Group Functions
`getopt()`	Getopt Function
`getpwent()`	Passwd Functions
`getpwent()`	Passwd Functions
`getpwnam()`	Passwd Functions
`getpwuid()`	Passwd Functions
`gettext()`	Explaining gettext
`textdomain()`	Explaining gettext
c.e., See common extensions
call by reference	Pass By Value/Reference
call by value	Pass By Value/Reference
call stack
display in debugger	Execution Stack
explanation of	Debugging Terms
caret (`^`)
`^` operator	Precedence
`^=` operator	Assignment Ops
`^=` operator	Precedence
in bracket expressions	Bracket Expressions
regexp operator	Regexp Operator Details
regexp operator	GNU Regexp Operators
`case` keyword	Switch Statement
case sensitivity
array indices and	Array Intro
converting case	String Functions
example programs	Library Functions
`gawk`	Case-sensitivity
regexps and	Case-sensitivity
regexps and	User-modified
string comparisons and	User-modified
CGI, `awk` scripts for	Options
character classes, See bracket expressions
character lists, See bracket expressions
character sets (in regular expressions), See bracket expressions
character sets (machine character encodings)	Ordinal Functions
character sets (machine character encodings)	Glossary
characters
counting	Wc Program
transliterating	Translate Program
values of as numbers	Ordinal Functions
characters outside of BMP, and `gawk` on MS-Windows	PC Using
Chassell, Robert J.	Acknowledgments
`chdir()` extension function	Extension Sample File Functions
checking for MPFR	Checking for MPFR
`chem` utility	Glossary
`chr()` extension function	Extension Sample Ord
`chr()` user-defined function	Ordinal Functions
`clear` debugger command	Breakpoint Control
Cliff random numbers	Cliff Random Function
`cliff_rand()` user-defined function	Cliff Random Function
close file or coprocess	I/O Functions
`close()` function	Close Files And Pipes
`close()` function	I/O Functions
portability	Close Files And Pipes
return value	Close Return Value
two-way pipes and	Two-way I/O
Close, Diane	Manual History
Close, Diane	Contributors
codepage 65001	PC Using
codepages on MS-Windows, and `gawk`	PC Using
Collado, Manuel	Acknowledgments
Collado, Manuel	Splitting By Content
Collado, Manuel	Splitting By Content
collating elements	Bracket Expressions
collating symbols	Bracket Expressions
Colombo, Antonio	Acknowledgments
Colombo, Antonio	Contributors
colon (`:`)
`::` namespace separator	Qualified Names
`?:` operator	Precedence
columns
aligning	Print Examples
cutting	Cut Program
comma (`,`), in range patterns	Ranges
comma separated values (CSV) data
`--csv` option	Options
`-k` option	Options
generating CSV data	To CSV Function
parsing with `FPAT`	Splitting By Content
parsing with `FPAT` library	Splitting By Content
records and fields	Comma Separated Fields
command completion, in debugger	Readline Support
command line
arguments	Other Arguments
arguments	Auto-set
arguments	Auto-set
arguments	ARGC and ARGV
directories on	Command-line directories
formats	Running gawk
`FS` on, setting	Command Line Field Separator
invoking `awk` from	Command Line
option `-f`	Long
options	Options
end of	Options
processing	Getopt Function
string extraction	String Extraction
variables, assigning on	Assignment Options
`commands` debugger command	Debugger Execution Control
commands to execute at breakpoint	Debugger Execution Control
commenting	Comments
backslash continuation and	Statements/Lines
common extensions
`**` operator	Arithmetic Ops
`**=` operator	Assignment Ops
`/dev/stderr` special file	Special FD
`/dev/stdin` special file	Special FD
`/dev/stdout` special file	Special FD
`\u` escape sequence	Escape Sequences
`\x` escape sequence	Escape Sequences
`BINMODE` variable	PC Using
definition of	Conventions
`func` keyword	Definition Syntax
`RS` as a regexp	gawk split records
single character fields	Single Character Fields
`split()` with null string separator	String Functions
`comp.lang.awk` newsgroup	Usenet
comparison expressions	Typing and Comparison
as patterns	Expression Patterns
string vs. regexp	Comparison Operators
compatibility mode (`gawk`)
extensions	POSIX/GNU
file names	Special Caveats
hexadecimal numbers	Nondecimal-numbers
octal numbers	Nondecimal-numbers
specifying	Options
compiled programs	Basic High Level
compiled programs	Glossary
compiling `gawk`
for Cygwin	Cygwin
for MS-Windows	PC Compiling
for OpenVMS	OpenVMS Compilation
`compl()` function (`gawk`)	Bitwise Functions
complement, bitwise	Bitwise Functions
component name	Qualified Names
naming rules	Naming Rules
compound statements, control statements and	Statements
concatenating	Concatenation
`condition` debugger command	Breakpoint Control
conditional expressions	Conditional Exp
configuration option
`--disable-extensions`	Additional Configuration Options
`--disable-lint`	Additional Configuration Options
`--disable-mpfr`	Additional Configuration Options
`--disable-nls`	Additional Configuration Options
`--enable-builtin-intdiv0`	Additional Configuration Options
`--enable-O3`	Additional Configuration Options
`--enable-versioned-extension-dir`	Additional Configuration Options
configuration options, `gawk`	Additional Configuration Options
constants
nondecimal	Nondecimal Data
numeric	Scalar Constants
regexp	Regexp Usage
string	Scalar Constants
types of	Constants
`continue` debugger command	Debugger Execution Control
continue program, in debugger	Debugger Execution Control
`continue` statement	Continue Statement
control statements	Statements
controlling array scanning order	Controlling Scanning
converting
dates to timestamps	Time Functions
integer array subscripts to strings	Numeric Array Subscripts
numbers to strings	Strings And Numbers
numbers to strings	Bitwise Functions
string to lower case	String Functions
string to numbers	Strings And Numbers
string to numbers	String Functions
string to numbers	Bitwise Functions
string to upper case	String Functions
`CONVFMT` variable	Strings And Numbers
`CONVFMT` variable	User-modified
array subscripts and	Numeric Array Subscripts
cookie	Glossary
coprocesses	Redirection
coprocesses	Two-way I/O
closing	Close Files And Pipes
`getline` from	Getline/Coprocess
`cos()` function	Numeric Functions
cosine	Numeric Functions
counting words, lines, characters, and bytes	Wc Program
`cppawk`	Other Versions
`csh` utility	Statements/Lines
`\|&` operator, comparison with	Two-way I/O
`POSIXLY_CORRECT` environment variable	Options
CSV (comma separated values) data
`--csv` option	Options
`-k` option	Options
generating CSV data	To CSV Function
parsing with `CSVMODE` library	Splitting By Content
parsing with `FPAT`	Splitting By Content
records and fields	Comma Separated Fields
`CSVMODE` library for `gawk`	Splitting By Content
`ctime()` user-defined function	Function Example
Curreli, Marco	Contributors
currency symbols, localization	Explaining gettext
current namespace, pushing and popping	Changing The Namespace
current source file, show in debugger	Debugger Info
current system time	Time Functions
`custom.h` file	Configuration Philosophy
customized input parser	Input Parsers
customized output wrapper	Output Wrappers
customized two-way processor	Two-way processors
`cut` utility	Cut Program
`cut` utility	Cut Program
`cut.awk` program	Cut Program

D
`d` debugger command (alias for `delete`)	Breakpoint Control
d.c., See dark corner
dark corner	Conventions
`"0"` is actually true	Truth Values
`/=` operator vs. `/=…/` regexp constant	Assignment Ops
`^`, in `FS`	Regexp Field Splitting
`ARGV` variable, value of	Executable Scripts
array subscripts	Uninitialized Subscripts
backslash continuation on command line	Statements/Lines
`break` statement	Break Statement
`close()` function	Close Return Value
command line, backslash continuation on	Statements/Lines
command-line arguments	Assignment Options
`continue` statement	Continue Statement
`CONVFMT` variable	Strings And Numbers
definition of	Glossary
empty programs	Command Line
escape sequences	Other Arguments
for metacharacters	Escape Sequences
`exit` statement	Exit Statement
field separators	Full Line Fields
`FILENAME` variable	Getline Notes
`FILENAME` variable	Auto-set
`FNR`/`NR` variables	Auto-set
format-control characters	Control Letters
format-control characters	Control Letters
`FS` as null string	Single Character Fields
input files	awk split records
invoking `awk`	Command Line
`length()` function	String Functions
locale’s decimal point character	Locale influences conversions
multiline records	Multiple Line
`NF` variable, decrementing	Changing Fields
`OFMT` variable	OFMT
parameter name restrictions	Definition Syntax
range patterns, line continuation and	Ranges
regexp as second argument to `index()`	String Functions
regexp constants	Standard Regexp Constants
`/=` operator and	Assignment Ops
as arguments to user-defined functions	Standard Regexp Constants
`split()` function	String Functions
string continuation	Scalar Constants
strings, storing	gawk split records
value of `ARGV[0]`	Auto-set
data, fixed-width	Constant Size
data-driven languages	Basic High Level
database
group, reading	Group Functions
users, reading	Passwd Functions
`date` utility
GNU	Time Functions
POSIX	Time Functions
dates
converting to timestamps	Time Functions
information related to, localization	Explaining gettext
Davies, Stephen	Acknowledgments
Davies, Stephen	Contributors
dawk	Other Versions
Day, Robert P.J.	Acknowledgments
`dcgettext()` function (`gawk`)	I18N Functions
`dcgettext()` function (`gawk`)	Programmer i18n
portability and	I18N Portability
`dcngettext()` function (`gawk`)	I18N Functions
`dcngettext()` function (`gawk`)	Programmer i18n
portability and	I18N Portability
deadlocks	Two-way I/O
debugger
capabilities	Debugging Concepts
command completion	Readline Support
commands
`b` (`break`)	Finding The Bug
`b` (`break`)	Breakpoint Control
`backtrace`	Finding The Bug
`backtrace`	Execution Stack
`break`	Finding The Bug
`break`	Breakpoint Control
`breakpoint`	Finding The Bug
`bt` (`backtrace`)	Finding The Bug
`bt` (`backtrace`)	Execution Stack
`c` (`continue`)	Debugger Execution Control
`clear`	Breakpoint Control
`commands`	Debugger Execution Control
`condition`	Breakpoint Control
`continue`	Debugger Execution Control
`d` (`delete`)	Breakpoint Control
`delete`	Breakpoint Control
`disable`	Breakpoint Control
`display`	Viewing And Changing Data
`down`	Execution Stack
`dump`	Miscellaneous Debugger Commands
`e` (`enable`)	Breakpoint Control
`enable`	Breakpoint Control
`end`	Debugger Execution Control
`eval`	Viewing And Changing Data
`f` (`frame`)	Execution Stack
`finish`	Debugger Execution Control
`frame`	Execution Stack
`h` (`help`)	Miscellaneous Debugger Commands
`help`	Miscellaneous Debugger Commands
`i` (`info`)	Debugger Info
`ignore`	Breakpoint Control
`info`	Debugger Info
`l` (`list`)	Miscellaneous Debugger Commands
`list`	Miscellaneous Debugger Commands
`n` (`next`)	Finding The Bug
`n` (`next`)	Debugger Execution Control
`next`	Finding The Bug
`next`	Debugger Execution Control
`nexti`	Debugger Execution Control
`ni` (`nexti`)	Debugger Execution Control
`o` (`option`)	Debugger Info
`option`	Debugger Info
`p` (`print`)	Finding The Bug
`p` (`print`)	Viewing And Changing Data
`print`	Finding The Bug
`print`	Viewing And Changing Data
`printf`	Viewing And Changing Data
`q` (`quit`)	Miscellaneous Debugger Commands
`quit`	Miscellaneous Debugger Commands
`r` (`run`)	Debugger Execution Control
`return`	Debugger Execution Control
`run`	Finding The Bug
`run`	Debugger Execution Control
`s` (`step`)	Debugger Execution Control
`set`	Viewing And Changing Data
`si` (`stepi`)	Debugger Execution Control
`silent`	Debugger Execution Control
`step`	Debugger Execution Control
`stepi`	Debugger Execution Control
`t` (`tbreak`)	Breakpoint Control
`tbreak`	Breakpoint Control
`trace`	Miscellaneous Debugger Commands
`u` (`until`)	Debugger Execution Control
`undisplay`	Viewing And Changing Data
`until`	Debugger Execution Control
`unwatch`	Viewing And Changing Data
`up`	Execution Stack
`w` (`watch`)	Viewing And Changing Data
`watch`	Viewing And Changing Data
`where` (`backtrace`)	Execution Stack
concepts	Debugging Terms
default list amount	Debugger Info
history expansion	Readline Support
history file	Debugger Info
history size	Debugger Info
how to start	Debugger Invocation
instruction tracing	Debugger Info
interaction with namespaces	Namespace And Features
limitations	Limitations
options	Debugger Info
printing all array elements	Finding The Bug
printing single array elements	Finding The Bug
prompt	Debugger Invocation
prompt	Debugger Info
read commands from a file	Debugger Info
repeating commands	List of Debugger Commands
running the program	Finding The Bug
save commands to a file	Debugger Info
setting a breakpoint	Finding The Bug
stack frames, showing	Finding The Bug
debugging
`awk` programs	Debugger
example session	Sample Debugging Session
debugging `gawk`, bug reports	Bugs
decimal point character, locale specific	Options
decrement operators	Increment Ops
`default` keyword	Switch Statement
Deifik, Scott	Acknowledgments
Deifik, Scott	Contributors
`delete` `array`	Delete
delete breakpoint
at location	Breakpoint Control
by number	Breakpoint Control
`delete` debugger command	Breakpoint Control
`delete` statement	Delete
delete watchpoint	Viewing And Changing Data
deleting
elements in arrays	Delete
entire arrays	Delete
Demaille, Akim	Acknowledgments
describe call stack frame, in debugger	Debugger Info
Deutsch, L. Peter	Other Versions
differences in `awk` and `gawk`
`ARGC`/`ARGV` variables	ARGC and ARGV
`ARGIND` variable	Auto-set
array elements, deleting	Delete
`AWKLIBPATH` environment variable	AWKLIBPATH Variable
`AWKPATH` environment variable	AWKPATH Variable
`BEGIN`/`END` patterns	I/O And BEGIN/END
`BEGINFILE`/`ENDFILE` patterns	BEGINFILE/ENDFILE
`BINMODE` variable	User-modified
`BINMODE` variable	PC Using
`close()` function	Close Files And Pipes
`close()` function	Close Return Value
command-line directories	Command-line directories
`ERRNO` variable	Auto-set
error messages	Special FD
`FIELDWIDTHS` variable	User-modified
`FPAT` variable	User-modified
`FUNCTAB` variable	Auto-set
function arguments	Calling Built-in
`getline` function	Getline
`IGNORECASE` variable	User-modified
implementation limitations	Getline Notes
implementation limitations	Redirection
indirect function calls	Indirect Calls
input/output operators	Getline/Coprocess
input/output operators	Redirection
line continuations	Conditional Exp
`LINT` variable	User-modified
`match()` function	String Functions
`print`/`printf` statements	Format Modifiers
`PROCINFO` array	Auto-set
read timeouts	Read Timeout
record separators	awk split records
regexp constants	Standard Regexp Constants
regular expressions	Case-sensitivity
retrying input	Retrying Input
`RS`/`RT` variables	awk split records
`RS`/`RT` variables	gawk split records
`RS`/`RT` variables	Multiple Line
`RS`/`RT` variables	Auto-set
single-character fields	Single Character Fields
`split()` function	String Functions
strings	Scalar Constants
strings	Scalar Constants
storing	gawk split records
`SYMTAB` variable	Auto-set
`TEXTDOMAIN` variable	User-modified
trunc-mod operation	Arithmetic Ops
directories
command-line	Command-line directories
searching
for loadable extensions	AWKLIBPATH Variable
for source files	AWKPATH Variable
for source files	Programs Exercises
disable breakpoint	Breakpoint Control
`disable` debugger command	Breakpoint Control
`display` debugger command	Viewing And Changing Data
display debugger options	Debugger Info
division	Arithmetic Ops
`do`-`while` statement	Do Statement
use of regexps in	Regexp Usage
documentation
building
HTML	Building the Documentation
Info files	Building the Documentation
PDF	Building the Documentation
of `awk` programs	Library Names
online	Manual History
documents, searching	Dupword Program
dollar sign (`$`)
`$` field operator	Fields
`$` field operator	Precedence
incrementing fields and arrays	Increment Ops
regexp operator	Regexp Operator Details
double quote (`"`)
in regexp constants	Computed Regexps
in shell commands	Quoting
double-precision	Computer Arithmetic
`down` debugger command	Execution Stack
Drepper, Ulrich	Acknowledgments
Duman, Patrice	Acknowledgments
dump all variables of a program	Options
`dump` debugger command	Miscellaneous Debugger Commands
`dupword.awk` program	Dupword Program
dynamic profiling	Profiling
dynamically loaded extensions	Dynamic Extensions

E
`e` debugger command (alias for `enable`)	Breakpoint Control
EBCDIC	Ordinal Functions
EBCDIC	Ranges and Locales
EBCDIC	History summary
effective group ID of `gawk` user	Auto-set
effective user ID of `gawk` user	Auto-set
Eggert, Paul	Interval Expressions
`egrep` utility	Bracket Expressions
`egrep` utility	Egrep Program
`egrep.awk` program	Egrep Program
elements in arrays	Reference to Elements
assigning values	Assigning Elements
deleting	Delete
order of access by `in` operator	Scanning an Array
scanning	Scanning an Array
email address for bug reports, bug-gawk@gnu.org	Bug address
empty array elements	Reference to Elements
empty pattern	Empty
empty regexps	Regexp Operator Details
empty strings, See null strings
`EMRED`	TCP/IP Networking
enable breakpoint	Breakpoint Control
`enable` debugger command	Breakpoint Control
`end` debugger command	Debugger Execution Control
`END` pattern	BEGIN/END
`END` pattern	Using BEGIN/END
`@namespace` directive and	Changing The Namespace
`assert()` user-defined function and	Assert Function
Boolean patterns and	Expression Patterns
`exit` statement and	Exit Statement
`next`/`nextfile` statements and	I/O And BEGIN/END
`next`/`nextfile` statements and	Next Statement
operators and	Using BEGIN/END
`print` statement and	I/O And BEGIN/END
profiling and	Profiling
`ENDFILE` pattern	BEGINFILE/ENDFILE
`@namespace` directive and	Changing The Namespace
Boolean patterns and	Expression Patterns
`endfile()` user-defined function	Filetrans Function
`endgrent()` function (C library)	Group Functions
`endgrent()` user-defined function	Group Functions
`endpwent()` function (C library)	Passwd Functions
`endpwent()` user-defined function	Passwd Functions
English, Steve	Advanced Features
`ENVIRON` array	Auto-set
environment variables
`AWKBUFSIZE`	Other Environment Variables
`AWKLIBPATH`	Options
`AWKLIBPATH`	AWKLIBPATH Variable
`AWKLIBPATH`	Loading Shared Libraries
`AWKLIBPATH`	Invoking Summary
`AWKLIBPATH`	Creating Arrays
`AWKLIBPATH`	Using Internal File Ops
`AWKLIBPATH`	POSIX/GNU
`AWKLIBPATH`	Distribution contents
`AWKLIBPATH`	Shell Startup Files
`AWKPATH`	AWKPATH Variable
`AWKPATH`	Include Files
`AWKPATH`	Invoking Summary
`AWKPATH`	Igawk Program
`AWKPATH`	Igawk Program
`AWKPATH`	Debugger Invocation
`AWKPATH`	POSIX/GNU
`AWKPATH`	Feature History
`AWKPATH`	Distribution contents
`AWKPATH`	Shell Startup Files
`AWKPATH`	OpenVMS Running
`AWKPATH`, on MS-Windows	PC Using
`AWKREADFUNC`	Other Environment Variables
`AWK_HASH`	Other Environment Variables
`GAWK_GNU_MATCHERS`	Choosing Matchers
`GAWK_LOCALE_DIR`	Other Environment Variables
`GAWK_LOCALE_DIR`	Explaining gettext
`GAWK_MSEC_SLEEP`	Other Environment Variables
`GAWK_MSG_SRC`	Other Environment Variables
`GAWK_NO_DFA`	Other Environment Variables
`GAWK_PERSIST_FILE`	Other Environment Variables
`GAWK_PERSIST_FILE`	Persistent Memory
`GAWK_READ_TIMEOUT`	Other Environment Variables
`GAWK_READ_TIMEOUT`	Read Timeout
`GAWK_SOCK_RETRIES`	Other Environment Variables
`GAWK_SOCK_RETRIES`	Nonfatal
`GAWK_STACKSIZE`	Other Environment Variables
in `ENVIRON` array	Auto-set
`INT_CHAIN_MAX`	Other Environment Variables
`LANG`	I18N Example
`LANGUAGE`	Explaining gettext
`LANGUAGE`	I18N Example
`LC_ALL`	Split Program
`LC_ALL`	I18N Example
`LC_ALL`	Bug address
`LC_MESSAGES`	I18N Example
`Path`	PC Binary Installation
`PATH`	Derived Files
`PMA_VERBOSITY`	Other Environment Variables
`PMA_VERBOSITY`	Persistent Memory
`POSIXLY_CORRECT`	Options
`POSIXLY_CORRECT`	Other Environment Variables
`POSIXLY_CORRECT`	Invoking Summary
`POSIXLY_CORRECT`	Locale influences conversions
`REALLY_USE_PERSIST_MALLOC`	Persistent Memory
`STR_CHAIN_MAX`	Other Environment Variables
`TIDYMEM`	Other Environment Variables
`TZ`	Auto-set
used by `gawk`	Environment Variables
environment, definition of	Glossary
epoch, definition of	Glossary
equals sign (`=`)
`=` operator	Assignment Ops
`==` operator	Comparison Operators
`==` operator	Precedence
EREs (Extended Regular Expressions)	Bracket Expressions
`ERRNO` variable	Auto-set
`ERRNO` variable	TCP/IP Networking
with `BEGINFILE` pattern	BEGINFILE/ENDFILE
with `close()` function	Close Return Value
with `getline` function	Getline
error handling	Special FD
`ERRNO` variable and	Auto-set
error output	Special FD
escape processing
`gsub()`/`gensub()`/`sub()` functions	Gory Details
escape sequences	Escape Sequences
escape sequences	See also backslash
`eval` debugger command	Viewing And Changing Data
evaluate expressions, in debugger	Viewing And Changing Data
evaluation order	Increment Ops
concatenation	Concatenation
functions	Calling Built-in
examining fields	Fields
example debugging session	Sample Debugging Session
exclamation point (`!`)
`!` operator	Boolean Ops
`!` operator	Precedence
`!` operator	Egrep Program
`!=` operator	Comparison Operators
`!=` operator	Precedence
`!~` operator	Regexp Usage
`!~` operator	Computed Regexps
`!~` operator	Case-sensitivity
`!~` operator	Regexp Constants
`!~` operator	Comparison Operators
`!~` operator	Comparison Operators
`!~` operator	Precedence
`!~` operator	Expression Patterns
`exit` debugger command	Miscellaneous Debugger Commands
`exit` statement	Exit Statement
exit status, of `gawk`	Exit Status
on OpenVMS	OpenVMS Running
exit the debugger	Miscellaneous Debugger Commands
exit the debugger	Miscellaneous Debugger Commands
`exp()` function	Numeric Functions
`expand` utility	Very Simple
Expat XML parser library	gawkextlib
exponent	Numeric Functions
expressions	Expressions
as patterns	Expression Patterns
assignment	Assignment Ops
Boolean	Boolean Ops
comparison	Typing and Comparison
conditional	Conditional Exp
selecting	Conditional Exp
expressions, matching, See comparison expressions
Extended Regular Expressions (EREs)	Bracket Expressions
extension API	Extension API Description
informational variables	Extension API Informational Variables
interaction with namespaces	Namespace And Features
version number	Auto-set
version number	Extension Versioning
extensions
Brian Kernighan’s `awk`	BTL
Brian Kernighan’s `awk`	Common Extensions
common
`**` operator	Arithmetic Ops
`**=` operator	Assignment Ops
`/dev/stderr` special file	Special FD
`/dev/stdin` special file	Special FD
`/dev/stdout` special file	Special FD
`\u` escape sequence	Escape Sequences
`\x` escape sequence	Escape Sequences
`BINMODE` variable	PC Using
`fflush()` function	I/O Functions
`func` keyword	Definition Syntax
`RS` as a regexp	gawk split records
single character fields	Single Character Fields
`split()` with null string separator	String Functions
in `gawk`, not in POSIX `awk`	POSIX/GNU
loadable
allocating memory	Memory Allocation Functions
array manipulation in	Array Manipulation
distributed with `gawk`	Extension Samples
example	Extension Example
`gawkextlib` project	gawkextlib
loading, `@load` directive	Loading Shared Libraries
registration	Registration Functions
search path	Finding Extensions
`mawk`	Common Extensions
`extract.awk` program	Extract Program
extraction, of marked strings (internationalization)	String Extraction

F
`f` debugger command (alias for `frame`)	Execution Stack
false, logical	Truth Values
FDL (Free Documentation License)	GNU Free Documentation License
features
adding to `gawk`	Adding Code
deprecated	Obsolete
undocumented	Undocumented
Fenlason, Jay	History
Fenlason, Jay	Contributors
Ferguson, Stuart	Contributors
`fflush()` function	I/O Functions
field numbers	Nonconstant Fields
field operator `$`	Fields
field operators, dollar sign as	Fields
field separator	See also `OFS`
field separator	Field Separators
field separator	User-modified
field separator	User-modified
backslash (`\`) as	Command Line Field Separator
choice of	Field Separators
`FIELDWIDTHS` variable and	User-modified
`FPAT` variable and	User-modified
`FS` variable and	Default Field Splitting
in multiline records	Multiple Line
on command line	Command Line Field Separator
POSIX and	Full Line Fields
regular expression as	Field Separators
regular expression as	Regexp Field Splitting
spaces as	Cut Program
whitespace as	Default Field Splitting
fields	Reading Files
fields	Fields
fields	Basic High Level
adding	Changing Fields
changing contents of	Changing Fields
cutting	Cut Program
examining	Fields
number of	Fields
numbers	Nonconstant Fields
printing	Print Examples
separating	Field Separators
separating	Field Separators
single-character	Single Character Fields
`FIELDWIDTHS` variable	Fixed width data
`FIELDWIDTHS` variable	User-modified
file descriptors	Special FD
file inclusion
`@include` directive	Include Files
`@nsinclude` directive	Include Files
`@nsinclude` directive	Inclusion For Namespaces
`@nsinclude` directive	Feature History
file names
assignments as	Ignoring Assigns
distinguishing	Auto-set
in compatibility mode	Special Caveats
standard streams in `gawk`	Special FD
`FILENAME` variable	Reading Files
`FILENAME` variable	Auto-set
`getline`, setting with	Getline Notes
files
`.gmo`	Explaining gettext
specifying directory of	Explaining gettext
specifying directory of	Programmer i18n
`.mo`, converting from `.po`	I18N Example
`.po`	Explaining gettext
`.po`	Translator i18n
converting to `.mo`	I18N Example
`.pot`	Explaining gettext
`/dev/…` special files	Special FD
`/inet/…` (`gawk`)	TCP/IP Networking
`/inet4/…` (`gawk`)	TCP/IP Networking
`/inet6/…` (`gawk`)	TCP/IP Networking
`awk` programs in	Long
`awkprof.out`	Profiling
`awkvars.out`	Options
closing	I/O Functions
descriptors, See file descriptors
group	Group Functions
initialization and cleanup	Filetrans Function
input, See input files
log, timestamps in	Time Functions
managing	Data File Management
data file boundaries	Filetrans Function
message object	Explaining gettext
converting from portable object files	I18N Example
specifying directory of	Explaining gettext
specifying directory of	Programmer i18n
multiple passes over	Other Arguments
multiple, duplicating output into	Tee Program
output, See output files
password	Passwd Functions
portable object	Explaining gettext
portable object	Translator i18n
converting to message object files	I18N Example
generating	Options
template file (`.pot`)	Explaining gettext
processing, `ARGIND` variable and	Auto-set
reading	Rewind Function
multiline records	Multiple Line
searching for regular expressions	Egrep Program
skipping	File Checking
source, search path for	Programs Exercises
splitting	Split Program
Texinfo, extracting programs from	Extract Program
find substring in string	String Functions
finding extensions	Finding Extensions
`finish` debugger command	Debugger Execution Control
Fish, Fred	Contributors
fixed-width data	Constant Size
flag variables	Boolean Ops
flag variables	Tee Program
floating-point
numbers	Computer Arithmetic
arbitrary-precision	Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic
arbitrary-precision	Computer Arithmetic
double-precision	Computer Arithmetic
single-precision	Computer Arithmetic
flush buffered output	I/O Functions
`fnmatch()` extension function	Extension Sample Fnmatch
`FNR` variable	Records
`FNR` variable	Auto-set
changing	Auto-set
`for` statement	For Statement
looping over arrays	Scanning an Array
`fork()` extension function	Extension Sample Fork
format specifiers	Basic Printf
mixing regular with positional specifiers	Printf Ordering
`printf` statement	Control Letters
`strftime()` function (`gawk`)	Time Functions
format time string	Time Functions
formats, numeric output	OFMT
formatting
output	Printf
strings	String Functions
forward slash (`/`)
`/` operator	Precedence
`/=` operator	Assignment Ops
`/=` operator	Precedence
vs. `/=…/` regexp constant	Assignment Ops
patterns and	Expression Patterns
to enclose regular expressions	Regexp
`FPAT` variable	Splitting By Content
`FPAT` variable	User-modified
`frame` debugger command	Execution Stack
`frawk`	Other Versions
Free Documentation License (FDL)	GNU Free Documentation License
Free Software Foundation (FSF)	Manual History
Free Software Foundation (FSF)	Getting
Free Software Foundation (FSF)	Glossary
Free Software Foundation (FSF)	Glossary
FreeBSD	Glossary
`FS` variable	Field Separators
`FS` variable	User-modified
`--field-separator` option and	Options
changing value of	Field Separators
containing `^`	Regexp Field Splitting
in multiline records	Multiple Line
null string as	Single Character Fields
running `awk` programs and	Cut Program
setting from command line	Command Line Field Separator
TAB character as	Options
FSF (Free Software Foundation)	Manual History
FSF (Free Software Foundation)	Getting
FSF (Free Software Foundation)	Glossary
FSF (Free Software Foundation)	Glossary
`fts()` extension function	Extension Sample File Functions
`FUNCTAB` array	Auto-set
function arguments, show in debugger	Debugger Info
function calls	Function Calls
indirect	Indirect Calls
`@`-notation for	Indirect Calls
function definition example	Function Example
function definitions, list in debugger	Debugger Info
function pointers	Indirect Calls
functions
arrays as parameters to	Pass By Value/Reference
built-in	Function Calls
built-in	Functions
evaluation order	Calling Built-in
defining	Definition Syntax
library	Library Functions
assertions	Assert Function
associative arrays and	Library Names
C library	Getopt Function
character values as numbers	Ordinal Functions
Cliff random numbers	Cliff Random Function
command-line options	Getopt Function
example program for using	Igawk Program
group database, reading	Group Functions
managing data files	Data File Management
managing time	Getlocaltime Function
merging arrays into strings	Join Function
rounding numbers	Round Function
user database, reading	Passwd Functions
names of	Definition Syntax
recursive	Definition Syntax
string-translation	I18N Functions
undefined	Function Caveats
user-defined	User-defined
calling	Function Calling
counts, in a profile	Profiling
library of	Library Functions
`next`/`nextfile` statements and	Next Statement
`next`/`nextfile` statements and	Nextfile Statement

G
G-d	Acknowledgments
G., Daniel Richard	Acknowledgments
G., Daniel Richard	Maintainers
Gardner, Ray	Other Versions
Garfinkle, Scott	Contributors
`gawk`	Preface
`gawk`	See also `awk`
`ARGIND` variable in	Other Arguments
`awk` and	Preface
`awk` and	This Manual
bitwise operations in	Bitwise Functions
`break` statement in	Break Statement
character classes and	Bracket Expressions
coding style in	Adding Code
command-line options, regular expressions and	GNU Regexp Operators
configuring	Configuration Philosophy
options	Additional Configuration Options
`continue` statement in	Continue Statement
distribution	Distribution contents
dynamic profiling	Profiling
`ERRNO` variable in	Getline
`ERRNO` variable in	Close Return Value
`ERRNO` variable in	BEGINFILE/ENDFILE
`ERRNO` variable in	Auto-set
`ERRNO` variable in	TCP/IP Networking
escape sequences	Escape Sequences
escape sequences	See also backslash
extensions, disabling	Options
features
adding	Adding Code
advanced	Advanced Features
field separators and	User-modified
`FIELDWIDTHS` variable in	Fixed width data
`FIELDWIDTHS` variable in	User-modified
file names in	Special Files
format-control characters	Control Letters
format-control characters	Control Letters
`FPAT` variable in	Splitting By Content
`FPAT` variable in	User-modified
`FUNCTAB` array in	Auto-set
function arguments and	Calling Built-in
hexadecimal numbers and	Nondecimal-numbers
`IGNORECASE` variable in	Case-sensitivity
`IGNORECASE` variable in	User-modified
`IGNORECASE` variable in	Array Intro
`IGNORECASE` variable in	String Functions
`IGNORECASE` variable in	Array Sorting Functions
implementation issues	Notes
debugging	Compatibility Mode
downward compatibility	Compatibility Mode
limits	Getline Notes
pipes	Redirection
installing	Installation
internationalization, See internationalization
interpreter, adding code to	Using Internal File Ops
interval expressions and	Interval Expressions
line continuation in	Conditional Exp
`LINT` variable in	User-modified
list of contributors to	Contributors
MS-Windows version of	PC Using
newlines in	Statements/Lines
octal numbers and	Nondecimal-numbers
OpenVMS version of	OpenVMS Installation
predefined variables and	Built-in Variables
`PROCINFO` array in	Other Arguments
`PROCINFO` array in	Auto-set
`PROCINFO` array in	Time Functions
`PROCINFO` array in	Two-way I/O
profiling programs	Profiling
regexp constants and	Standard Regexp Constants
regular expressions
case sensitivity	Case-sensitivity
operators	GNU Regexp Operators
precedence	Regexp Operator Details
`RT` variable in	awk split records
`RT` variable in	gawk split records
`RT` variable in	Multiple Line
`RT` variable in	Auto-set
source code, obtaining	Getting
splitting fields and	Testing field creation
string-translation functions	I18N Functions
`SYMTAB` array in	Auto-set
`TEXTDOMAIN` variable in	User-modified
timestamps	Time Functions
uses for	Preface
version of	Auto-set
printing information about	Options
word-boundary operator	GNU Regexp Operators
`gawkbug` utility	Bug address
`gawkextlib` project	gawkextlib
`gawklibpath_append` shell function	Shell Startup Files
`gawklibpath_default` shell function	Shell Startup Files
`gawklibpath_prepend` shell function	Shell Startup Files
`gawkpath_append` shell function	Shell Startup Files
`gawkpath_default` shell function	Shell Startup Files
`gawkpath_prepend` shell function	Shell Startup Files
`GAWK_LOCALE_DIR` environment variable	Other Environment Variables
`GAWK_LOCALE_DIR` environment variable	Explaining gettext
`GAWK_MSEC_SLEEP` environment variable	Other Environment Variables
`GAWK_MSG_SRC` environment variable	Other Environment Variables
`GAWK_NO_DFA` environment variable	Other Environment Variables
`GAWK_PERSIST_FILE` environment variable	Other Environment Variables
`GAWK_PERSIST_FILE` environment variable	Persistent Memory
`GAWK_READ_TIMEOUT` environment variable	Other Environment Variables
`GAWK_READ_TIMEOUT` environment variable	Read Timeout
`GAWK_SOCK_RETRIES` environment variable	Other Environment Variables
`GAWK_SOCK_RETRIES` environment variable	Nonfatal
`GAWK_STACKSIZE` environment variable	Other Environment Variables
General Public License, See GPL
generate time values	Time Functions
`gensub()` function (`gawk`)	Standard Regexp Constants
`gensub()` function (`gawk`)	String Functions
escape processing	Gory Details
`getaddrinfo()` function (C library)	TCP/IP Networking
`getgrent()` function (C library)	Group Functions
`getgrent()` function (C library)	Group Functions
`getgrent()` user-defined function	Group Functions
`getgrent()` user-defined function	Group Functions
`getgrgid()` function (C library)	Group Functions
`getgrgid()` user-defined function	Group Functions
`getgrnam()` function (C library)	Group Functions
`getgrnam()` user-defined function	Group Functions
`getgruser()` function (C library)	Group Functions
`getgruser()` user-defined function	Group Functions
`getline` function	Reading Files
`_gr_init()` user-defined function	Group Functions
`_pw_init()` function	Passwd Functions
`BEGINFILE`/`ENDFILE` patterns and	BEGINFILE/ENDFILE
coprocesses, using from	Getline/Coprocess
coprocesses, using from	Close Files And Pipes
deadlock and	Two-way I/O
explicit input with	Getline
`FILENAME` variable and	Getline Notes
from a file	Getline/File
into a variable	Getline/Variable
return values	Getline
variants	Getline Summary
`getline()` function	Getline
`getlocaltime()` user-defined function	Getlocaltime Function
`getopt()` function (C library)	Getopt Function
`getopt()` user-defined function	Getopt Function
`getopt()` user-defined function	Getopt Function
`getpwent()` function (C library)	Passwd Functions
`getpwent()` function (C library)	Passwd Functions
`getpwent()` user-defined function	Passwd Functions
`getpwent()` user-defined function	Passwd Functions
`getpwnam()` function (C library)	Passwd Functions
`getpwnam()` user-defined function	Passwd Functions
`getpwuid()` function (C library)	Passwd Functions
`getpwuid()` user-defined function	Passwd Functions
`gettext` library	Explaining gettext
locale categories	Explaining gettext
`gettext()` function (C library)	Explaining gettext
`gettimeofday()` extension function	Extension Sample Time
Ghostbusters	Gory Details
`git` utility	gawkextlib
`git` utility	Other Versions
`git` utility	Accessing The Source
`git` utility	Adding Code
Git, use of for `gawk` source code	Derived Files
global variables, show in debugger	Debugger Info
GMP values, API ownership of	API Ownership of MPFR and GMP Values
GNITS mailing list	Acknowledgments
GNU `awk`, See `gawk`
GNU Free Documentation License	GNU Free Documentation License
GNU General Public License, See GPL
GNU Lesser General Public License	Glossary
GNU long options	Command Line
GNU long options	Options
printing list of	Options
GNU Project	Manual History
GNU Project	Glossary
GNU/Linux	Manual History
GNU/Linux	I18N Example
GNU/Linux	Glossary
Go implementation of `awk`	Other Versions
`goawk`	Other Versions
Gordon, Assaf	Contributors
GPL (General Public License)	Manual History
GPL (General Public License)	Glossary
printing	Options
`grcat` program	Group Functions
Grigera, Juan	Contributors
group database, reading	Group Functions
group file	Group Functions
group ID of `gawk` user	Auto-set
groups, information about	Group Functions
`gsub()` function	Standard Regexp Constants
`gsub()` function	String Functions
arguments of	String Functions
escape processing	Gory Details
Guerrero, Juan Manuel	Acknowledgments
Guerrero, Juan Manuel	Contributors

H
`h` debugger command (alias for `help`)	Miscellaneous Debugger Commands
Hankerson, Darrel	Acknowledgments
Hankerson, Darrel	Contributors
Haque, John	Contributors
Hartholz
Elaine	Acknowledgments
Marshall	Acknowledgments
Hasegawa, Isamu	Contributors
`help` debugger command	Miscellaneous Debugger Commands
hexadecimal numbers	Nondecimal-numbers
hexadecimal values, enabling interpretation of	Options
history expansion, in debugger	Readline Support
`histsort.awk` program	History Sorting
Hughes, Phil	Acknowledgments
`HUP` signal, for dynamic profiling	Profiling
hyphen (`-`)
`-` operator	Precedence
`-` operator	Precedence
`--` end of options marker	Options
`--` operator	Increment Ops
`--` operator	Precedence
`-=` operator	Assignment Ops
`-=` operator	Precedence
file names beginning with	Options
in bracket expressions	Bracket Expressions

I
`i` debugger command (alias for `info`)	Debugger Info
`id` utility	Id Program
`id.awk` program	Id Program
`if` statement	If Statement
actions, changing	Ranges
use of regexps in	Regexp Usage
`igawk.sh` program	Igawk Program
ignore breakpoint	Breakpoint Control
`ignore` debugger command	Breakpoint Control
`IGNORECASE` variable	User-modified
array indices and	Array Intro
array sorting functions and	Array Sorting Functions
in example programs	Library Functions
with `~` and `!~` operators	Case-sensitivity
Illumos, POSIX-compliant `awk`	Other Versions
implementation issues, `gawk`	Notes
debugging	Compatibility Mode
limits	Getline Notes
limits	Redirection
implicit namespace	Changing The Namespace
`in` operator	Comparison Operators
`in` operator	Precedence
`in` operator	For Statement
index existence in multidimensional arrays	Multidimensional
order of array access	Scanning an Array
testing if array element exists	Reference to Elements
use in loops	Scanning an Array
`@include` directive	Options
`@include` directive	Include Files
`@include` directive	Glossary
including files
`@include` directive	Include Files
`@nsinclude` directive	Include Files
`@nsinclude` directive	Inclusion For Namespaces
`@nsinclude` directive	Feature History
increment operators	Increment Ops
`index()` function	String Functions
indexing arrays	Array Intro
indirect function calls	Indirect Calls
`@`-notation	Indirect Calls
infinite precision	Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic
`info` debugger command	Debugger Info
initialization, automatic	More Complex
`inplace` extension	Extension Sample Inplace
input
data, nondecimal	Nondecimal Data
explicit	Getline
multiline records	Multiple Line
splitting into records	Records
standard	Read Terminal
standard	Special FD
input files	Reading Files
closing	Close Files And Pipes
counting elements in	Wc Program
examples	Sample Data Files
reading	Reading Files
running `awk` without	Read Terminal
running `awk` without	Read Terminal
variable assignments and	Other Arguments
input pipeline	Getline/Pipe
input record, length of	String Functions
input redirection	Getline/File
input, files, See input files
input/output
binary	User-modified
from `BEGIN` and `END`	I/O And BEGIN/END
functions	I/O Functions
two-way	Two-way I/O
insomnia, cure for	Alarm Program
installing `gawk`	Installation
Cygwin	Cygwin
MS-Windows	PC Binary Installation
OpenVMS	OpenVMS Installation
instruction tracing, in debugger	Debugger Info
instructions, trace of internal	Options
`INT` signal (MS-Windows)	Profiling
`int()` function	Numeric Functions
integer array indices	Numeric Array Subscripts
integers
arbitrary precision	Arbitrary Precision Integers
unsigned	Computer Arithmetic
interacting with other programs	I/O Functions
internationalization	I18N Functions
internationalization	I18N and L10N
localization	User-modified
localization	Internationalization
localization	I18N and L10N
character classes	Bracket Expressions
currency symbols	Explaining gettext
`gawk` and	Internationalization
locale categories	Explaining gettext
marked strings	Programmer i18n
monetary information	Explaining gettext
portability and	I18N Portability
internationalization and localization on MS-Windows	PC Using
internationalizing a program	Explaining gettext
interpreted programs	Basic High Level
interpreted programs	Glossary
interval expressions, regexp operator	Regexp Operator Details
`INT_CHAIN_MAX` environment variable	Other Environment Variables
`inventory-shipped` file	Sample Data Files
invoke shell command	I/O Functions
`isarray()` function (`gawk`)	Type Functions
`isnumeric()` user-defined function	Isnumeric Function
ISO	Glossary
ISO 8601 date and time standard	Time Functions
ISO 8859-1 character set	Glossary
ISO Latin-1 character set	Glossary

J
Jacobs, Andrew	Passwd Functions
Jaegermann, Michal	Acknowledgments
Jaegermann, Michal	Contributors
Jannick	Contributors
Java implementation of `awk`	Other Versions
Java programming language	Glossary
`jawk`	Other Versions
jedi knights	Undocumented
Johansen, Chris	Signature Program
`join()` user-defined function	Join Function

K
Kahrs, Jürgen	Acknowledgments
Kahrs, Jürgen	Contributors
Kasal, Stepan	Acknowledgments
Kelly, Terence	Persistent Memory
Kelly, Terence	Persistent Memory
Kelly, Terence	Feature History
Kenobi, Obi-Wan	Undocumented
Kernighan, Brian	History
Kernighan, Brian	Acknowledgments
Kernighan, Brian	BTL
Kernighan, Brian	Contributors
Kernighan, Brian	Other Versions
Kernighan, Brian	Other Versions
Kernighan, Brian	Basic Data Typing
Kernighan, Brian	Glossary
quotes	Conventions
quotes	Comma Separated Fields
quotes	Getline/Pipe
quotes	Concatenation
quotes	Library Functions
quotes	Programs Exercises
`kill` command, dynamic profiling	Profiling
knights, jedi	Undocumented
Kwok, Conrad	Contributors

L
`l` debugger command (alias for `list`)	Miscellaneous Debugger Commands
`labels.awk` program	Labels Program
`LANG` environment variable	I18N Example
Langston, Peter	Advanced Features
`LANGUAGE` environment variable	Explaining gettext
`LANGUAGE` environment variable	I18N Example
languages, data-driven	Basic High Level
`LC_ALL` environment variable	Split Program
`LC_ALL` environment variable	I18N Example
`LC_ALL` environment variable	Bug address
`LC_ALL` locale category	Explaining gettext
`LC_COLLATE` locale category	Explaining gettext
`LC_CTYPE` locale category	Explaining gettext
`LC_MESSAGES` environment variable	I18N Example
`LC_MESSAGES` locale category	Explaining gettext
`bindtextdomain()` function (`gawk`)	Programmer i18n
`LC_MONETARY` locale category	Explaining gettext
`LC_NUMERIC` locale category	Explaining gettext
`LC_TIME` locale category	Explaining gettext
left angle bracket (`<`)
`<` operator	Comparison Operators
`<` operator	Precedence
`<` operator (I/O)	Getline/File
`<=` operator	Comparison Operators
`<=` operator	Precedence
left shift, bitwise	Bitwise Functions
leftmost longest match	Multiple Line
length of input record	String Functions
length of string	String Functions
`length()` function	String Functions
Lesser General Public License (LGPL)	Glossary
LGPL (Lesser General Public License)	Glossary
libmawk	Other Versions
libraries of `awk` functions	Library Functions
assertions	Assert Function
associative arrays and	Library Names
character values as numbers	Ordinal Functions
command-line options	Getopt Function
example program for using	Igawk Program
group database, reading	Group Functions
managing
data files	Data File Management
time	Getlocaltime Function
merging arrays into strings	Join Function
rounding numbers	Round Function
user database, reading	Passwd Functions
line breaks	Statements/Lines
line continuations	Boolean Ops
`gawk`	Conditional Exp
in `print` statement	Print Examples
with C shell	Statements/Lines
lines
blank, printing	Print
counting	Wc Program
duplicate, removing	History Sorting
matching ranges of	Ranges
skipping between markers	Ranges
lint checking	User-modified
array subscripts	Uninitialized Subscripts
array subscripts	Delete
empty programs	Command Line
issuing warnings	Options
`POSIXLY_CORRECT` environment variable	Options
undefined functions	Function Caveats
`LINT` variable	User-modified
Linux, See GNU/Linux
list all global variables, in debugger	Debugger Info
`list` debugger command	Miscellaneous Debugger Commands
list function definitions, in debugger	Debugger Info
`@load` directive	Options
`@load` directive	AWKLIBPATH Variable
`@load` directive	Loading Shared Libraries
`@load` directive	Auto-set
`@load` directive	Using extensions
`@load` directive	Using Internal File Ops
loading extensions	Options
`@load` directive	Loading Shared Libraries
local variables
in a function	Variable Scope
show in debugger	Debugger Info
locale categories	Explaining gettext
locale decimal point character	Options
locale, definition of	Locales
localization, See internationalization, localization
log files, timestamps in	Time Functions
`log()` function	Numeric Functions
logarithm	Numeric Functions
logical false/true	Truth Values
logical operators, See Boolean expressions
login information	Passwd Functions
long options	Command Line
loops	While Statement
loops	See also `while` statement
`break` statement and	Break Statement
`continue` statement and	For Statement
count for header, in a profile	Profiling
`do`-`while`	Do Statement
exiting	Break Statement
`for`
array scanning	Scanning an Array
iterative	For Statement
`while`	While Statement
`ls` utility	Very Simple
`ls` utility	More Complex
`lshift()` function (`gawk`)	Bitwise Functions
lvalues/rvalues	Assignment Ops

M
`mail-list` file	Sample Data Files
mailing labels, printing	Labels Program
mailing list, GNITS	Acknowledgments
Malmberg, John	Acknowledgments
Malmberg, John	Contributors
Malmberg, John	Maintainers
mark parity	Ordinal Functions
marked string extraction (internationalization)	String Extraction
Marx, Groucho	Increment Ops
match regexp in string	String Functions
`match()` function	String Functions
`RSTART`/`RLENGTH` variables	String Functions
side effects	String Functions
matching
expressions, See comparison expressions
leftmost longest	Multiple Line
null strings	String Functions
`mawk` utility	Escape Sequences
`mawk` utility	Getline/Pipe
`mawk` utility	Concatenation
`mawk` utility	Nextfile Statement
`mawk` utility	Other Versions
maximum precision supported by MPFR library	Auto-set
McIlroy, Doug	Glossary
McPhee, Patrick T.J.	Contributors
memory, allocating for extensions	Memory Allocation Functions
message object files	Explaining gettext
converting from portable object files	I18N Example
specifying directory of	Explaining gettext
specifying directory of	Programmer i18n
messages from extensions	Printing Messages
metacharacters
escape sequences for	Escape Sequences
in regular expressions	Regexp Operators
minimum precision required by MPFR library	Auto-set
Minshall, Greg	Getopt Function
`mkbool()` function (`gawk`)	Boolean Functions
`mktime()` function (`gawk`)	Time Functions
modifiers, in format specifiers	Format Modifiers
module, definition of	Global Namespace
monetary information, localization	Explaining gettext
Moon, Sailor	Internationalization
Moore, Duncan	Getline Notes
MPFR library, building with	Compiling with MPFR
MPFR values, API ownership of	API Ownership of MPFR and GMP Values
MPFR, checking for	Checking for MPFR
`msgfmt` utility	I18N Example
multibyte text, and `gawk` on MS-Windows	PC Using
multiple precision	Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic
multiple-line records	Multiple Line

N
`n` debugger command (alias for `next`)	Debugger Execution Control
Naman, John	Contributors
name management	Internal Name Management
names
arrays/variables	Library Names
functions	Definition Syntax
functions	Library Names
namespace
`awk`	Default Namespace
default	Default Namespace
definition of	Global Namespace
example code	Namespace Example
implicit	Changing The Namespace
pushing and popping	Changing The Namespace
standard `awk`, global	Global Namespace
`@namespace` directive	Options
`@namespace` directive	Options
`@namespace` directive	Options
`@namespace` directive	Changing The Namespace
`@namespace` directive	Changing The Namespace
`@namespace` directive	Namespace And Features
namespaces
backwards compatibility	Namespace Summary
changing	Changing The Namespace
interaction with
debugger	Namespace And Features
extension API	Namespace And Features
pretty printer	Namespace And Features
profiler	Namespace And Features
naming rules	Naming Rules
qualified names	Qualified Names
naming issues	Library Names
functions	Definition Syntax
naming rules, namespace and component names	Naming Rules
Neacsu, Mircea	Other Versions
NetBSD	Glossary
networks
programming	TCP/IP Networking
support for	Special Network
newlines	Statements/Lines
newlines	Options
newlines	Boolean Ops
as record separators	awk split records
in dynamic regexps	Computed Regexps
in regexp constants	Computed Regexps
printing	Print Examples
separating statements in actions	Action Overview
separating statements in actions	Statements
`next` debugger command	Debugger Execution Control
`next file` statement	Feature History
`next` statement	Boolean Ops
`next` statement	Next Statement
`BEGIN`/`END` patterns and	I/O And BEGIN/END
`BEGINFILE`/`ENDFILE` patterns and	BEGINFILE/ENDFILE
user-defined functions and	Next Statement
`nextfile` statement	Nextfile Statement
`BEGIN`/`END` patterns and	I/O And BEGIN/END
`BEGINFILE`/`ENDFILE` patterns and	BEGINFILE/ENDFILE
user-defined functions and	Nextfile Statement
`nexti` debugger command	Debugger Execution Control
`NF` variable	Fields
`NF` variable	Auto-set
decrementing	Changing Fields
`ni` debugger command (alias for `nexti`)	Debugger Execution Control
`noassign.awk` program	Ignoring Assigns
non-existent array elements	Reference to Elements
nonfatal output	Nonfatal
not Boolean-logic operator	Boolean Ops
`NR` variable	Records
`NR` variable	Auto-set
changing	Auto-set
`@nsinclude` directive	Include Files
`@nsinclude` directive	Inclusion For Namespaces
`@nsinclude` directive	Feature History
null strings	awk split records
null strings	Regexp Field Splitting
null strings	Truth Values
null strings	Basic Data Typing
as array subscripts	Uninitialized Subscripts
converting numbers to strings	Strings And Numbers
deleting array elements and	Delete
in `gawk` arguments, quoting and	Quoting
in `gawk` arguments, quoting and	Other Arguments
matching	String Functions
number of array elements	String Functions
number sign (`#`)
`#!` (executable scripts)	Executable Scripts
commenting	Comments
numbers
as array subscripts	Numeric Array Subscripts
as string of bits	Bitwise Functions
as values of characters	Ordinal Functions
Cliff random	Cliff Random Function
converting	Strings And Numbers
converting	Bitwise Functions
to strings	User-modified
to strings	User-modified
hexadecimal	Nondecimal-numbers
octal	Nondecimal-numbers
rounding	Round Function
numeric
constants	Scalar Constants
functions	Numeric Functions
output format	OFMT
strings	Variable Typing

O
`o` debugger command (alias for `option`)	Debugger Info
obsolete features	Obsolete
octal numbers	Nondecimal-numbers
octal values, enabling interpretation of	Options
`OFMT` variable	OFMT
`OFMT` variable	Strings And Numbers
`OFMT` variable	User-modified
POSIX `awk` and	OFMT
`OFS` variable	Changing Fields
`OFS` variable	Output Separators
`OFS` variable	User-modified
op-codes, trace of internal	Options
OpenBSD	Glossary
OpenSolaris	Other Versions
operating systems	Installation
operating systems	See also GNU/Linux
operating systems	See also PC operating systems
operating systems	See also Unix
PC, `gawk` on	PC Using
installing	PC Installation
porting `gawk` to	New Ports
operations, bitwise	Bitwise Functions
operators
arithmetic	Arithmetic Ops
assignment	Assignment Ops
assignment	Assignment Ops
evaluation order	Assignment Ops
comparison	Comparison Operators
decrement/increment	Increment Ops
GNU-specific	GNU Regexp Operators
input/output	Getline/File
input/output	Getline/Pipe
input/output	Getline/Coprocess
input/output	Redirection
input/output	Redirection
input/output	Precedence
input/output	Precedence
input/output	Precedence
precedence of	Increment Ops
precedence of	Precedence
short-circuit	Boolean Ops
string	Concatenation
string-matching	Regexp Usage
for buffers	GNU Regexp Operators
word-boundary (`gawk`)	GNU Regexp Operators
operators, Boolean, See Boolean expressions
operators, logical, See Boolean expressions
operators, relational, See operators, comparison
`option` debugger command	Debugger Info
options
command-line	Options
end of	Options
invoking `awk`	Command Line
processing	Getopt Function
deprecated	Obsolete
long	Command Line
long	Options
printing list of	Options
OR bitwise operation	Bitwise Functions
or Boolean-logic operator	Boolean Ops
`or()` function (`gawk`)	Bitwise Functions
`ord()` extension function	Extension Sample Ord
`ord()` user-defined function	Ordinal Functions
order of evaluation, concatenation	Concatenation
`ORS` variable	Output Separators
`ORS` variable	User-modified
output
buffering	I/O Functions
buffering	I/O Functions
duplicating into files	Tee Program
files, closing	Close Files And Pipes
format specifier, `OFMT`	OFMT
formatted	Printf
pipes	Redirection
records	Output Separators
standard	Special FD
output field separator, See `OFS` variable
output record separator, See `ORS` variable
output redirection	Redirection
output wrapper	Output Wrappers
output, nonfatal	Nonfatal
output, printing, See printing

P
`p` debugger command (alias for `print`)	Viewing And Changing Data
package, definition of	Global Namespace
Papadopoulos, Panos	Contributors
parent process ID of `gawk` process	Auto-set
parentheses `()`
in a profile	Profiling
regexp operator	Regexp Operator Details
password file	Passwd Functions
`Path` environment variable	PC Binary Installation
`PATH` environment variable	Derived Files
`patsplit()` function (`gawk`)	String Functions
patterns	Patterns and Actions
Boolean expressions as	Expression Patterns
comparison expressions as	Expression Patterns
counts, in a profile	Profiling
default	Very Simple
empty	Empty
expressions as	Expression Patterns
ranges in	Ranges
regexp constants as	Regexp Usage
regexp constants as	Regexp Patterns
regexp constants as	Expression Patterns
types of	Pattern Overview
`pawk` (profiling version of Brian Kernighan’s `awk`)	Other Versions
`pawk`, `awk`-like facilities for Python	Other Versions
PC operating systems, `gawk` on	PC Using
installing	PC Installation
percent sign (`%`)
`%` operator	Precedence
`%=` operator	Assignment Ops
`%=` operator	Precedence
performance, checking issues	Performance bugs
period (`.`), regexp operator	Regexp Operator Details
Perl	Future Extensions
persistent memory	Persistent Memory
compiled into `gawk`	Auto-set
Peters, Arno	Contributors
Peterson, Hal	Contributors
pipe
closing	Close Files And Pipes
input	Getline/Pipe
output	Redirection
pipe output, speeding up	Noflush
platform running on	Auto-set
Plauger, P.J.	Library Functions
plug-in	Extension Intro
plus sign (`+`)
`+` operator	Precedence
`+` operator	Precedence
`++` operator	Increment Ops
`++` operator	Increment Ops
`++` operator	Precedence
`+=` operator	Assignment Ops
`+=` operator	Precedence
regexp operator	Regexp Operator Details
plus sign (`+?`)
regexp operator	Regexp Operator Details
plus sign (`??`)
regexp operator	Regexp Operator Details
PMA memory allocator	Auto-set
PMA memory allocator	Persistent Memory
`PMA_VERBOSITY` environment variable	Other Environment Variables
`PMA_VERBOSITY` environment variable	Persistent Memory
pointers to functions	Indirect Calls
portability	Escape Sequences
`#!` (executable scripts)	Executable Scripts
`**` operator and	Arithmetic Ops
`**=` operator and	Assignment Ops
`ARGV` variable	Executable Scripts
backslash continuation and	Statements/Lines
backslash in escape sequences	Escape Sequences
`close()` function and	Close Files And Pipes
data files as single record	gawk split records
deleting array elements	Delete
example programs	Library Functions
functions, defining	Definition Syntax
`gawk`	New Ports
`gettext` library and	Explaining gettext
internationalization and	I18N Portability
`length()` function	String Functions
new `awk` vs. old `awk`	Strings And Numbers
`next` statement in user-defined functions	Function Caveats
`NF` variable, decrementing	Changing Fields
operators	Increment Ops
not in POSIX `awk`	Precedence
`POSIXLY_CORRECT` environment variable	Options
`substr()` function	String Functions
portable object
files	Explaining gettext
files	Translator i18n
converting to message object files	I18N Example
generating	Options
template files	Explaining gettext
porting `gawk`	New Ports
positional specifiers, `printf` statement	Format Modifiers
positional specifiers, `printf` statement	Printf Ordering
mixing with regular formats	Printf Ordering
POSIX
`awk` and	Preface
`gawk` extensions not included in	POSIX/GNU
programs, implementing in `awk`	Clones
POSIX `awk`	This Manual
POSIX `awk`	Assignment Ops
`**` operator and	Precedence
`**=` operator and	Assignment Ops
`<` operator and	Getline/File
`\|` I/O operator and	Getline/Pipe
arithmetic operators and	Arithmetic Ops
backslashes in string constants	Escape Sequences
`BEGIN`/`END` patterns	I/O And BEGIN/END
bracket expressions and	Bracket Expressions
character classes	Bracket Expressions
character classes	Bracket Expressions
`break` statement and	Break Statement
changes in `awk` versions	POSIX
`continue` statement and	Continue Statement
`CONVFMT` variable and	User-modified
`date` utility and	Time Functions
field separators and	Full Line Fields
`function` keyword in	Definition Syntax
functions and
`gsub()`/`sub()`	Gory Details
`length()`	String Functions
GNU long options and	Options
interval expressions in	Interval Expressions
`next`/`nextfile` statements and	Next Statement
numeric strings and	Variable Typing
`OFMT` variable and	OFMT
`OFMT` variable and	Strings And Numbers
period (`.`), using	Regexp Operator Details
`printf` format strings and	Format Modifiers
regular expressions and	Regexp Operator Details
timestamps and	Time Functions
POSIX mode	Options
POSIX mode	Options
POSIX mode	Regexp Operator Details
POSIX mode	Input Summary
POSIX mode	Special Caveats
POSIX mode	Close Return Value
POSIX mode	Scalar Constants
POSIX mode	Locale influences conversions
POSIX mode	POSIX String Comparison
POSIX mode	POSIX String Comparison
POSIX mode	String Functions
POSIX mode	Controlling Array Traversal
POSIX mode	POSIX Floating Point Problems
POSIX mode	Feature History
`POSIXLY_CORRECT` environment variable	Options
`POSIXLY_CORRECT` environment variable	Other Environment Variables
`POSIXLY_CORRECT` environment variable	Invoking Summary
`POSIXLY_CORRECT` environment variable	Locale influences conversions
`PREC` variable	User-modified
precedence	Increment Ops
precedence	Precedence
regexp operators	Regexp Operator Details
predefined variables	Built-in Variables
`-v` option, setting with	Options
conveying information	Auto-set
user-modifiable	User-modified
pretty printer, interaction with namespaces	Namespace And Features
pretty printing	Options
pretty printing	Profiling
profiling, difference with	Profiling
`print` debugger command	Viewing And Changing Data
`print` statement	Printing
`print` statement	See also redirection of output
`BEGIN`/`END` patterns and	I/O And BEGIN/END
commas, omitting	Print Examples
I/O operators in	Precedence
line continuations and	Print Examples
`OFMT` variable and	User-modified
`sprintf()` function and	Round Function
print variables, in debugger	Viewing And Changing Data
`printf` debugger command	Viewing And Changing Data
`printf` statement	Printing
`printf` statement	Printf
`printf` statement	See also redirection of output
columns, aligning	Print Examples
format-control characters	Control Letters
I/O operators in	Precedence
modifiers	Format Modifiers
positional specifiers	Format Modifiers
positional specifiers	Printf Ordering
mixing with regular formats	Printf Ordering
`sprintf()` function and	Round Function
syntax of	Basic Printf
printing	Printing
list of options	Options
mailing labels	Labels Program
messages from extensions	Printing Messages
unduplicated lines of text	Uniq Program
user information	Id Program
private variables	Library Names
process group ID of `gawk` process	Auto-set
process ID of `gawk` process	Auto-set
processes, two-way communications with	Two-way I/O
processing data	Basic High Level
`PROCINFO` array	Auto-set
`PROCINFO` array	Time Functions
`PROCINFO` array	Passwd Functions
communications via ptys and	Two-way I/O
group membership and	Group Functions
nonfatal output	Nonfatal
not flushing pipe buffers	Noflush
platform running on	Auto-set
testing the field splitting	Passwd Functions
user and group ID numbers and	Id Program
values of `sorted_in`	Controlling Scanning
profiler, interaction with namespaces	Namespace And Features
profiling `awk` programs	Profiling
dynamically	Profiling
profiling, compiling `gawk` for	Performance bugs
profiling, pretty printing, difference with	Profiling
program identifiers	Auto-set
program, definition of	Getting Started
programming
basic steps	Basic High Level
concepts	Basic Concepts
concepts	Basic Concepts
programming conventions
`--non-decimal-data` option	Nondecimal Data
`ARGC`/`ARGV` variables	Auto-set
`exit` statement	Exit Statement
function parameters	Return Statement
functions
calling	Calling Built-in
writing	Definition Syntax
`gawk` extensions	Internal File Ops
private variable names	Library Names
programming language, recipe for	History
programming languages
Ada	Glossary
data-driven vs. procedural	Getting Started
Go	Other Versions
Go	Other Versions
Java	Glossary
Proulx, Bob	Asking for help
`pwcat` program	Passwd Functions

Q
`q` debugger command (alias for `quit`)	Miscellaneous Debugger Commands
QSE `awk`	Other Versions
qualified name
definition of	Qualified Names
use of	Qualified Names
Quanstrom, Erik	Alarm Program
question mark (`?`)
`?:` operator	Precedence
regexp operator	Regexp Operator Details
regexp operator	GNU Regexp Operators
`quit` debugger command	Miscellaneous Debugger Commands
`QUIT` signal (MS-Windows)	Profiling
quoting
for small awk programs	Comments
in `gawk` command lines	Long
in `gawk` command lines	Other Arguments
tricks for	Quoting

R
`r` debugger command (alias for `run`)	Debugger Execution Control
Rakitzis, Byron	History Sorting
Ramey, Chet	Acknowledgments
Ramey, Chet	General Data Types
Ramming, J. Christopher	Other Versions
`rand()` function	Numeric Functions
random numbers
Cliff	Cliff Random Function
`rand()`/`srand()` functions	Numeric Functions
seed of	Numeric Functions
range expressions (regexps)	Bracket Expressions
range patterns	Ranges
line continuation and	Ranges
Rankin, Pat	Acknowledgments
Rankin, Pat	Assignment Ops
Rankin, Pat	Contributors
RapidJson JSON parser library	gawkextlib
`reada()` extension function	Extension Sample Read write array
readable data files, checking	File Checking
`readable.awk` program	File Checking
`readall()` extension function	Extension Sample Read write array
`readdir` extension	Extension Sample Readdir
`readfile()` extension function	Extension Sample Readfile
`readfile()` user-defined function	Readfile Function
reading input files	Reading Files
`REALLY_USE_PERSIST_MALLOC` environment variable	Persistent Memory
recipe for a programming language	History
record separators	awk split records
record separators	User-modified
changing	awk split records
newlines as	awk split records
regular expressions as	awk split records
with multiline records	Multiple Line
records	Reading Files
records	Basic High Level
multiline	Multiple Line
printing	Print
splitting input into	Records
terminating	awk split records
treating files as	gawk split records
recursive functions	Definition Syntax
redirect `gawk` output, in debugger	Debugger Info
redirection
of input	Getline/File
of output	Redirection
on OpenVMS	OpenVMS Running
reference counting, sorting arrays	Array Sorting Functions
regexp	Regexp
regexp constants	Regexp Usage
regexp constants	Regexp Constants
regexp constants	Comparison Operators
`/=…/`
`/=` operator and	Assignment Ops
as patterns	Expression Patterns
in `gawk`	Standard Regexp Constants
slashes vs. double quotes	Computed Regexps
vs. string constants	Computed Regexps
regexps, empty	Regexp Operator Details
register loadable extension	Registration Functions
regular expressions	Regexp
anchors in	Regexp Operator Details
as field separators	Field Separators
as field separators	Regexp Field Splitting
as patterns	Regexp Usage
as patterns	Regexp Patterns
as record separators	awk split records
case sensitivity	Case-sensitivity
case sensitivity	User-modified
computed	Computed Regexps
dynamic	Computed Regexps
with embedded newlines	Computed Regexps
`gawk`, command-line options	GNU Regexp Operators
interval expressions and	Options
leftmost longest match	Leftmost Longest
operators	Regexp Usage
operators	Regexp Operators
for buffers	GNU Regexp Operators
for words	GNU Regexp Operators
`gawk`	GNU Regexp Operators
precedence of	Regexp Operator Details
searching for	Egrep Program
regular expressions, constants, See regexp constants
relational operators, See comparison operators
replace in string	String Functions
retrying input	Retrying Input
`return` debugger command	Debugger Execution Control
`return` statement, user-defined functions	Return Statement
return value, `close()` function	Close Return Value
`rev()` user-defined function	Function Example
`revoutput` extension	Extension Sample Revout
`revtwoway` extension	Extension Sample Rev2way
`rewind()` user-defined function	Rewind Function
right angle bracket (`>`)
`>` operator	Comparison Operators
`>` operator	Precedence
`>` operator (I/O)	Redirection
`>=` operator	Comparison Operators
`>=` operator	Precedence
`>>` operator (I/O)	Redirection
`>>` operator (I/O)	Precedence
right shift, bitwise	Bitwise Functions
Ritchie, Dennis	Basic Data Typing
`RLENGTH` variable	Auto-set
`match()` function and	String Functions
Robbins
Arnold	Command Line Field Separator
Arnold	Getline/Pipe
Arnold	Passwd Functions
Arnold	Alarm Program
Arnold	General Data Types
Arnold	Contributors
Arnold	Maintainers
Arnold	Future Extensions
Bill	Getline/Pipe
Harry	Acknowledgments
Jean	Acknowledgments
Malka	Internationalization
Miriam	Acknowledgments
Miriam	Getline/Pipe
Miriam	Passwd Functions
William	Assert Function
Rommel, Kai Uwe	Contributors
round to nearest integer	Numeric Functions
`round()` user-defined function	Round Function
rounding numbers	Round Function
`ROUNDMODE` variable	User-modified
`ROUNDMODE` variable	Setting the rounding mode
`RS` variable	awk split records
`RS` variable	User-modified
multiline records and	Multiple Line
`rshift()` function (`gawk`)	Bitwise Functions
`RSTART` variable	Auto-set
`match()` function and	String Functions
`RT` variable	awk split records
`RT` variable	gawk split records
`RT` variable	Multiple Line
`RT` variable	Auto-set
Rubin, Paul	History
Rubin, Paul	Contributors
rule, definition of	Getting Started
`run` debugger command	Debugger Execution Control
`rust-awk`	Other Versions
rvalues/lvalues	Assignment Ops

S
`s` debugger command (alias for `step`)	Debugger Execution Control
Sailor Moon, See Moon, Sailor
sample debugging session	Sample Debugging Session
sandbox mode	Options
Saturday Night Live	Dynamic Typing
save debugger options	Debugger Info
scalar or array	Type Functions
scalar values	Basic Data Typing
scanning arrays	Scanning an Array
scanning multidimensional arrays	Multiscanning
Schorr, Andrew	Acknowledgments
Schorr, Andrew	Full Line Fields
Schorr, Andrew	Auto-set
Schorr, Andrew	Empty Files
Schorr, Andrew	Two-way I/O
Schorr, Andrew	Namespace Example
Schorr, Andrew	Checking for MPFR
Schorr, Andrew	Contributors
Schreiber
Bert	Acknowledgments
Rita	Acknowledgments
search and replace in strings	String Functions
search for substring	String Functions
search paths	Programs Exercises
search paths	PC Using
search paths	OpenVMS Running
for loadable extensions	AWKLIBPATH Variable
for source files	AWKPATH Variable
for source files	Programs Exercises
for source files	PC Using
for source files	OpenVMS Running
searching
files for regular expressions	Egrep Program
for words	Dupword Program
`sed` utility	Full Line Fields
`sed` utility	Simple Sed
`sed` utility	Glossary
seeding random number generator	Numeric Functions
semicolon (`;`)
`AWKPATH` variable and	PC Using
separating rules	Statements/Lines
separating statements in actions	Statements/Lines
separating statements in actions	Action Overview
separating statements in actions	Statements
separators
field	User-modified
field	User-modified
`FIELDWIDTHS` variable and	User-modified
`FPAT` variable and	User-modified
`FS` variable and	Default Field Splitting
for records	awk split records
for records	awk split records
for records	User-modified
regular expressions as	awk split records
for statements in actions	Action Overview
subscript	User-modified
set breakpoint	Breakpoint Control
`set` debugger command	Viewing And Changing Data
set directory of message catalogs	I18N Functions
set watchpoint	Viewing And Changing Data
shadowing of variable values	Definition Syntax
shell function
`gawklibpath_append`	Shell Startup Files
`gawklibpath_default`	Shell Startup Files
`gawklibpath_prepend`	Shell Startup Files
`gawkpath_append`	Shell Startup Files
`gawkpath_default`	Shell Startup Files
`gawkpath_prepend`	Shell Startup Files
shell quoting, rules for	Quoting
shell quoting, rules for	Other Arguments
shells
piping commands into	Redirection
quoting	Using Shell Variables
rules for	Quoting
scripts	One-shot
sea	Undocumented
variables	Using Shell Variables
Sherman, Allan	Computer Arithmetic
shift, bitwise	Bitwise Functions
short-circuit operators	Boolean Ops
show in debugger
all source files	Debugger Info
breakpoints	Debugger Info
function arguments	Debugger Info
local variables	Debugger Info
name of current source file	Debugger Info
watchpoints	Debugger Info
`si` debugger command (alias for `stepi`)	Debugger Execution Control
side effects	Concatenation
side effects	Increment Ops
side effects	Increment Ops
array indexing	Reference to Elements
`asort()` function	Array Sorting Functions
`asorti()` function	Array Sorting Functions
assignment expressions	Assignment Ops
Boolean operators	Boolean Ops
conditional expressions	Conditional Exp
decrement/increment operators	Increment Ops
`FILENAME` variable	Getline Notes
function calls	Function Calls
`gsub()` function	String Functions
`match()` function	String Functions
statements	Action Overview
`sub()` function	String Functions
sidebar
A Constant’s Base Does Not Affect Its Value	Nondecimal-numbers
A Note About Fuzzers	Bug definition
Backreferences Are Not Supported	GNU Regexp Operators
Backslash Before Regular Characters	Escape Sequences
Beware The Smoke and Mirrors!	Bitwise Functions
Carriage-Return–Line-Feed Line Endings In CSV Files	Comma Separated Fields
Caveats When Using Regular Expressions for `RS`	gawk split records
Changing `FS` Does Not Affect the Fields	Full Line Fields
Changing `NR` and `FNR`	Auto-set
Controlling Output Buffering with `system()`	I/O Functions
Escape Sequences for Metacharacters	Escape Sequences
`FS` and `IGNORECASE`	Field Splitting Summary
Interactive Versus Noninteractive Buffering	I/O Functions
Matching the Null String	String Functions
Operator Evaluation Order	Increment Ops
Piping into `sh`	Redirection
Pre-POSIX `awk` Used `OFMT` for String Conversion	Strings And Numbers
Quoting Shell Variables On The `awk` Command Line	Other Arguments
Recipe for a Programming Language	History
Rounding Modes and Conversion	Setting the rounding mode
`RS = "\0"` Is Not Portable	gawk split records
So Why Does `gawk` Have `BEGINFILE` and `ENDFILE`?	Filetrans Function
Syntactic Ambiguities Between ‘`/=`’ and Regular Expressions	Assignment Ops
Understanding ‘`#!`’	Executable Scripts
Understanding `$0`	Changing Fields
Using `\n` in Bracket Expressions of Dynamic Regexps	Computed Regexps
What About The Empty Regexp?	Regexp Operator Details
`SIGHUP` signal, for dynamic profiling	Profiling
`SIGINT` signal (MS-Windows)	Profiling
signals
`HUP`/`SIGHUP`, for profiling	Profiling
`INT`/`SIGINT` (MS-Windows)	Profiling
`QUIT`/`SIGQUIT` (MS-Windows)	Profiling
`USR1`/`SIGUSR1`, for profiling	Profiling
signature program	Signature Program
`SIGQUIT` signal (MS-Windows)	Profiling
`SIGUSR1` signal, for dynamic profiling	Profiling
`silent` debugger command	Debugger Execution Control
`sin()` function	Numeric Functions
sine	Numeric Functions
single quote (`'`)	One-shot
in `gawk` command lines	Long
in shell commands	Quoting
vs. apostrophe	Comments
with double quotes	Quoting
single records, treating files as	gawk split records
single-character fields	Single Character Fields
single-precision	Computer Arithmetic
single-step execution, in the debugger	Debugger Execution Control
Skywalker, Luke	Undocumented
`sleep` utility	Alarm Program
`sleep()` extension function	Extension Sample Time
Smith, Gavin	Acknowledgments
Solaris, POSIX-compliant `awk`	Other Versions
sort array	String Functions
sort array indices	String Functions
sort function, arrays, sorting	Array Sorting Functions
`sort` utility	Word Sorting
coprocesses and	Two-way I/O
sorting characters in different languages	Explaining gettext
source code
`awk-rs`	Other Versions
`awk-rs` (older version)	Other Versions
`awka`	Other Versions
`awkcc`	Other Versions
`AWKgo`	Other Versions
Brian Kernighan’s `awk`	Other Versions
BusyBox Awk	Other Versions
`cppawk`	Other Versions
dawk	Other Versions
embeddable `awk` interpreter	Other Versions
`frawk`	Other Versions
`gawk`	Gawk Distribution
`goawk`	Other Versions
Illumos `awk`	Other Versions
`jawk`	Other Versions
libmawk	Other Versions
`mawk`	Other Versions
mixing	Options
`pawk` (profiling version of Brian Kernighan’s `awk`)	Other Versions
`pawk` (Python version)	Other Versions
QSE `awk`	Other Versions
`rust-awk`	Other Versions
Solaris `awk`	Other Versions
`zawk`	Other Versions
source file, show in debugger	Debugger Info
source files, search path for	Programs Exercises
sparse arrays	Array Intro
Spencer, Henry	Glossary
Spengler, Egon	Gory Details
split string into array	String Functions
`split` utility	Split Program
`split()` function	String Functions
array elements, deleting	Delete
`split.awk` program	Split Program
`sprintf()` function	OFMT
`sprintf()` function	String Functions
`print`/`printf` statements and	Round Function
`sqrt()` function	Numeric Functions
square brackets (`[]`), regexp operator	Regexp Operator Details
square root	Numeric Functions
`srand()` function	Numeric Functions
stack frame (debugger)	Debugging Terms
Stallman, Richard	Manual History
Stallman, Richard	Acknowledgments
Stallman, Richard	Contributors
Stallman, Richard	Glossary
standard error	Special FD
standard input	Read Terminal
standard input	Special FD
standard output	Special FD
starting the debugger	Debugger Invocation
`stat()` extension function	Extension Sample File Functions
statements
compound, control statements and	Statements
control, in actions	Statements
multiple	Statements/Lines
`step` debugger command	Debugger Execution Control
`stepi` debugger command	Debugger Execution Control
stop automatic display, in debugger	Viewing And Changing Data
stream editors	Full Line Fields
stream editors	Simple Sed
`strftime()` function (`gawk`)	Time Functions
string
constants	Scalar Constants
vs. regexp constants	Computed Regexps
extraction (internationalization)	String Extraction
length	String Functions
operators	Concatenation
regular expression match of	String Functions
string-manipulation functions	String Functions
string-matching operators	Regexp Usage
string-translation functions	I18N Functions
strings
continuation across lines	Scalar Constants
converting	Strings And Numbers
converting	Bitwise Functions
numbers to	User-modified
numbers to	User-modified
converting letter case	String Functions
empty, See null strings
extracting	String Extraction
for localization	Programmer i18n
length limitations	Scalar Constants
merging arrays into	Join Function
null	Regexp Field Splitting
numeric	Variable Typing
splitting, example	String Functions
`strptime()` extension function	Extension Sample Time
`strtonum()` function (`gawk`)	String Functions
`--non-decimal-data` option and	Nondecimal Data
`STR_CHAIN_MAX` environment variable	Other Environment Variables
`sub()` function	Standard Regexp Constants
`sub()` function	String Functions
arguments of	String Functions
escape processing	Gory Details
subscript separators	User-modified
subscripts in arrays
multidimensional	Multidimensional
scanning	Multiscanning
numbers as	Numeric Array Subscripts
uninitialized variables as	Uninitialized Subscripts
`SUBSEP` variable	User-modified
multidimensional arrays and	Multidimensional
substitute in string	String Functions
`substr()` function	String Functions
substring	String Functions
Sumner, Andrew	Other Versions
supplementary groups of `gawk` process	Auto-set
`switch` statement	Switch Statement
`SYMTAB` array	Auto-set
syntactic ambiguity: `/=` operator vs. `/=…/` regexp constant	Assignment Ops
`system()` function	I/O Functions
`systime()` function (`gawk`)	Time Functions

T
`t` debugger command (alias for `tbreak`)	Breakpoint Control
`tbreak` debugger command	Breakpoint Control
Tcl	Library Names
TCP/IP	TCP/IP Networking
support for	Special Network
`tee` utility	Tee Program
`tee.awk` program	Tee Program
temporary breakpoint	Breakpoint Control
terminating records	awk split records
`testbits.awk` program	Bitwise Functions
`testext` extension	Extension Sample API Tests
Texinfo	Conventions
Texinfo	Library Functions
Texinfo	Dupword Program
Texinfo	Extract Program
Texinfo	Distribution contents
Texinfo	Adding Code
chapter beginnings in files	Regexp Operator Details
extracting programs from source files	Extract Program
text, printing	Print
unduplicated lines of	Uniq Program
`TEXTDOMAIN` variable	User-modified
`TEXTDOMAIN` variable	Programmer i18n
`BEGIN` pattern and	Programmer i18n
portability and	I18N Portability
`textdomain()` function (C library)	Explaining gettext
`TIDYMEM` environment variable	Other Environment Variables
tilde (`~`), `~` operator	Regexp Usage
tilde (`~`), `~` operator	Computed Regexps
tilde (`~`), `~` operator	Case-sensitivity
tilde (`~`), `~` operator	Regexp Constants
tilde (`~`), `~` operator	Comparison Operators
tilde (`~`), `~` operator	Comparison Operators
tilde (`~`), `~` operator	Precedence
tilde (`~`), `~` operator	Expression Patterns
time
alarm clock example program	Alarm Program
localization and	Explaining gettext
managing	Getlocaltime Function
retrieving	Time Functions
time functions	Time Functions
timeout, reading input	Read Timeout
timestamps	Time Functions
timestamps	Time Functions
converting dates to	Time Functions
formatted	Getlocaltime Function
`tocsv()` user-defined function	To CSV Function
`tocsv_rec()` user-defined function	To CSV Function
`tolower()` function	String Functions
`toupper()` function	String Functions
`tr` utility	Translate Program
`trace` debugger command	Miscellaneous Debugger Commands
trace, internal instructions	Options
traceback, display in debugger	Execution Stack
translate string	I18N Functions
`translate.awk` program	Translate Program
treating files, as single records	gawk split records
troubleshooting
`--non-decimal-data` option	Options
`==` operator	Comparison Operators
`awk` uses `FS` not `IFS`	Field Separators
backslash before nonspecial character	Escape Sequences
division	Arithmetic Ops
double quotes with file names	Special FD
fatal errors
field widths, specifying	Fixed width data
`printf` format strings	Format Modifiers
`fflush()` function	I/O Functions
function call syntax	Function Calls
`gawk`	Compatibility Mode
bug reports	Bugs
fatal errors, function arguments	Calling Built-in
`getline` function	File Checking
`gsub()`/`sub()` functions	String Functions
`match()` function	String Functions
`print` statement, omitting commas	Print Examples
printing	Redirection
readable data files	File Checking
regexp constants vs. string constants	Computed Regexps
string concatenation	Concatenation
`substr()` function	String Functions
`system()` function	I/O Functions
typographical errors, global variables	Options
true, logical	Truth Values
Trueman, David	History
Trueman, David	Acknowledgments
Trueman, David	Contributors
trunc-mod operation	Arithmetic Ops
truth values	Truth Values
type
conversion	Strings And Numbers
of variable, `typeof()` function (`gawk`)	Type Functions
`typeof()` function (`gawk`)	Type Functions
`TZ` environment variable	Auto-set

U
`u` debugger command (alias for `until`)	Debugger Execution Control
unassigned array elements	Reference to Elements
undefined functions	Function Caveats
underscore (`_`)
C macro	Explaining gettext
in names of private variables	Library Names
translatable strings	Programmer i18n
`undisplay` debugger command	Viewing And Changing Data
undocumented features	Undocumented
Unicode	Ordinal Functions
Unicode	Ranges and Locales
Unicode	Glossary
uninitialized variables, as array subscripts	Uninitialized Subscripts
`uniq` utility	Uniq Program
`uniq.awk` program	Uniq Program
Unix	Glossary
`awk` scripts and	Executable Scripts
Unix `awk`
backslashes in escape sequences	Escape Sequences
`close()` function and	Close Return Value
password files, field separators and	Command Line Field Separator
unsigned integers	Computer Arithmetic
`until` debugger command	Debugger Execution Control
`unwatch` debugger command	Viewing And Changing Data
`up` debugger command	Execution Stack
uppercase names, namespace for	Default Namespace
user database, reading	Passwd Functions
user-defined
function
`_gr_init()`	Group Functions
`_ord_init()`	Ordinal Functions
`_pw_init()`	Passwd Functions
`assert()`	Assert Function
`beginfile()`	Filetrans Function
`bits2str()`	Bitwise Functions
`chr()`	Ordinal Functions
`cliff_rand()`	Cliff Random Function
`ctime()`	Function Example
`endfile()`	Filetrans Function
`endgrent()`	Group Functions
`endpwent()`	Passwd Functions
`getgrent()`	Group Functions
`getgrent()`	Group Functions
`getgrgid()`	Group Functions
`getgrnam()`	Group Functions
`getgruser()`	Group Functions
`getlocaltime()`	Getlocaltime Function
`getopt()`	Getopt Function
`getopt()`	Getopt Function
`getpwent()`	Passwd Functions
`getpwent()`	Passwd Functions
`getpwnam()`	Passwd Functions
`getpwuid()`	Passwd Functions
`isnumeric()`	Isnumeric Function
`join()`	Join Function
`ord()`	Ordinal Functions
`readfile()`	Readfile Function
`rev()`	Function Example
`rewind()`	Rewind Function
`round()`	Round Function
`walk_array()`	Walking Arrays
functions	User-defined
counts, in a profile	Profiling
variables	Variables
user-modifiable variables	User-modified
users, information about
printing	Id Program
retrieving	Passwd Functions
`USR1` signal, for dynamic profiling	Profiling
UTF-8, and `gawk` on MS-Windows	PC Using

V
values
numeric	Basic Data Typing
regexp	Strong Regexp Constants
string	Basic Data Typing
variable assignments and input files	Other Arguments
variable type, `typeof()` function (`gawk`)	Type Functions
variables	Other Features
variables	Basic Data Typing
assigning on command line	Assignment Options
built-in	Using Variables
flag	Boolean Ops
`getline` function into, using	Getline/Variable
`getline` function into, using	Getline/Variable/File
`getline` function into, using	Getline/Variable/Pipe
`getline` function into, using	Getline/Variable/Coprocess
global
for library functions	Library Names
printing list of	Options
initializing	Using Variables
local to a function	Variable Scope
predefined	Built-in Variables
`-v` option, setting with	Options
conveying information	Auto-set
private	Library Names
setting	Options
shadowing	Definition Syntax
types of	Assignment Ops
comparison expressions and	Typing and Comparison
uninitialized, as array subscripts	Uninitialized Subscripts
user-defined	Variables
version of
`gawk`	Auto-set
`gawk` extension API	Auto-set
GNU MP library	Auto-set
GNU MPFR library	Auto-set
vertical bar (`\|`)	Regexp Operator Details
`\|` operator (I/O)	Getline/Pipe
`\|` operator (I/O)	Precedence
`\|&` operator (I/O)	Getline/Coprocess
`\|&` operator (I/O)	Precedence
`\|&` operator (I/O)	Two-way I/O
`\|\|` operator	Boolean Ops
`\|\|` operator	Precedence
Vinschen, Corinna	Acknowledgments

W
`w` debugger command (alias for `watch`)	Viewing And Changing Data
`w` utility	Fixed width data
`wait()` extension function	Extension Sample Fork
`waitpid()` extension function	Extension Sample Fork
`wak` (`awk` implementation)	Other Versions
`walk_array()` user-defined function	Walking Arrays
Wall, Larry	Array Intro
Wall, Larry	Future Extensions
Wallin, Anders	Contributors
warnings, issuing	Options
`watch` debugger command	Viewing And Changing Data
watchpoint (debugger)	Debugging Terms
watchpoints, show in debugger	Debugger Info
`wc` utility	Wc Program
`wc.awk` program	`wc` program
Weinberger, Peter	History
Weinberger, Peter	Contributors
Weinberger, Peter	Other Versions
`where` debugger command (alias for `backtrace`)	Execution Stack
`while` statement	While Statement
use of regexps in	Regexp Usage
whitespace
as field separators	Default Field Splitting
definition of	Fields
functions, calling	Calling Built-in
newlines as	Options
Williams, Kent	Contributors
Woehlke, Matthew	Contributors
Woods, John	Contributors
word boundaries, matching	GNU Regexp Operators
word, regexp definition of	GNU Regexp Operators
word-boundary operator (`gawk`)	GNU Regexp Operators
`wordfreq.awk` program	Word Sorting
words
counting	Wc Program
duplicate, searching for	Dupword Program
usage counts, generating	Word Sorting
`writea()` extension function	Extension Sample Read write array
`writeall()` extension function	Extension Sample Read write array

X
`xgettext` utility	String Extraction
XOR bitwise operation	Bitwise Functions
`xor()` function (`gawk`)	Bitwise Functions

Y
Yawitz, Efraim	Contributors

Z
Zaretskii, Eli	Acknowledgments
Zaretskii, Eli	Contributors
Zaretskii, Eli	Maintainers
`zawk`	Other Versions
`zerofile.awk` program	Empty Files
Zoulas, Christos	Contributors

[
`[]` (square brackets), regexp operator	Regexp Operator Details

\
`\` (backslash)	Comments
`\"` escape sequence	Escape Sequences
`\'` operator (`gawk`)	GNU Regexp Operators
`\/` escape sequence	Escape Sequences
`\<` operator (`gawk`)	GNU Regexp Operators
`\>` operator (`gawk`)	GNU Regexp Operators
`\a` escape sequence	Escape Sequences
`\b` escape sequence	Escape Sequences
`\B` operator (`gawk`)	GNU Regexp Operators
`\f` escape sequence	Escape Sequences
`\n` escape sequence	Escape Sequences
`\nnn` escape sequence	Escape Sequences
`\r` escape sequence	Escape Sequences
`\s` operator (`gawk`)	GNU Regexp Operators
`\S` operator (`gawk`)	GNU Regexp Operators
`\t` escape sequence	Escape Sequences
`\u` escape sequence	Escape Sequences
`\v` escape sequence	Escape Sequences
`\w` operator (`gawk`)	GNU Regexp Operators
`\W` operator (`gawk`)	GNU Regexp Operators
`\x` escape sequence	Escape Sequences
`\y` operator (`gawk`)	GNU Regexp Operators
\` operator (`gawk`)	GNU Regexp Operators
as field separator	Command Line Field Separator
continuing lines and	Statements/Lines
comments and	Statements/Lines
in `csh`	Statements/Lines
`gsub()`/`gensub()`/`sub()` functions and	Gory Details
in bracket expressions	Bracket Expressions
in escape sequences	Escape Sequences
in escape sequences	Escape Sequences
POSIX and	Escape Sequences
in regexp constants	Computed Regexps
in shell commands	Quoting
regexp operator	Regexp Operator Details

^
`^` (caret)
`^` operator	Precedence
`^=` operator	Assignment Ops
`^=` operator	Precedence
in bracket expressions	Bracket Expressions
in `FS`	Regexp Field Splitting
regexp operator	Regexp Operator Details
regexp operator	GNU Regexp Operators

_
`_` (underscore)
C macro	Explaining gettext
in names of private variables	Library Names
translatable strings	Programmer i18n
`_gr_init()` user-defined function	Group Functions
`_ord_init()` user-defined function	Ordinal Functions
`_pw_init()` user-defined function	Passwd Functions

{
`{}` (braces)	Profiling
actions and	Action Overview
regexp operator	Regexp Operator Details
statements, grouping	Statements
`{}?` (braces)
regexp operator	Regexp Operator Details

\|
`\|` (vertical bar)	Regexp Operator Details
`\|` operator (I/O)	Getline/Pipe
`\|` operator (I/O)	Redirection
`\|` operator (I/O)	Precedence
`\|&` operator (I/O)	Getline/Coprocess
`\|&` operator (I/O)	Redirection
`\|&` operator (I/O)	Precedence
`\|&` operator (I/O)	Two-way I/O
pipes, closing	Close Files And Pipes
`\|\|` operator	Boolean Ops
`\|\|` operator	Precedence

~
`~` (tilde), `~` operator	Regexp Usage
`~` (tilde), `~` operator	Computed Regexps
`~` (tilde), `~` operator	Case-sensitivity
`~` (tilde), `~` operator	Regexp Constants
`~` (tilde), `~` operator	Comparison Operators
`~` (tilde), `~` operator	Comparison Operators
`~` (tilde), `~` operator	Precedence
`~` (tilde), `~` operator	Expression Patterns

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